The orjson.dumps function in orjson thru 3.11.4 does not limit recursion for deeply nested JSON documents.

A vulnerability in MongoDB Server's BSON validation logic allows an unauthenticated user to crash the mongod process by sending a specially crafted message. The BSON validator's handling of certain nested binary data structures permits uncontrolled mutual recursion between validation functions, where each re-entry resets internal depth tracking.

Incorrect packet validation allowed unbounded recursion parsing SCTP chunk parameters. This can eventually result in a stack overflow and panic. Remote attackers can craft packets which cause affected systems to panic. This affects any system where pf is configured to process traffic, independent of the configured ruleset.

In Wireshark 3.0.0 to 3.0.1, 2.6.0 to 2.6.8, and 2.4.0 to 2.4.14, the dissection engine could crash. This was addressed in epan/packet.c by restricting the number of layers and consequently limiting recursion.

In Mcrouter prior to v0.41.0, a large struct input provided to the Carbon protocol reader could result in stack exhaustion and denial of service.

A vulnerability in the Locator ID Separation Protocol (LISP) feature of Cisco IOS Software and Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause an affected device to reload. This vulnerability is due to the incorrect handling of LISP packets. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted LISP packet to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause the device to reload, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. Note: This vulnerability could be exploited over either IPv4 or IPv6 transport.

Uncontrolled recursion in PostgreSQL SSL and GSS negotiation allows an attacker able to connect to a PostgreSQL AF_UNIX socket to achieve sustained denial of service. If SSL and GSS are both disabled, an attacker can do the same via access to a PostgreSQL TCP socket. Versions before PostgreSQL 18.4, 17.10, 16.14, 15.18, and 14.23 are affected.

FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to version 1.11.1, a single unauthenticated WebSocket frame containing a deeply nested JSON document crashes the FreeSWITCH process via stack overflow, terminating all calls and sessions on the host. The recursion drives the worker thread's stack pointer into the stack guard page, raising SIGSEGV from the kernel before any usable write primitive develops. This issue has been patched in version 1.11.1.

Net::CIDR::Set versions through 0.20 for Perl did not validate IP addresses. The add method called the _encode method to parse addresses. If the addresses did not look like netmasks or network ranges, then they were assumed to single IP addresses and passed back to itself as a 32-bit or 128-bit netmask. If the argument was not a well-formed IP address, then this would lead to indefinite recursion. An attacker could use this to cause a denial of service.

XStream serializes Java objects to XML and back again. Versions prior to 1.4.20 may allow a remote attacker to terminate the application with a stack overflow error, resulting in a denial of service only via manipulation the processed input stream. The attack uses the hash code implementation for collections and maps to force recursive hash calculation causing a stack overflow. This issue is patched in version 1.4.20 which handles the stack overflow and raises an InputManipulationException instead. A potential workaround for users who only use HashMap or HashSet and whose XML refers these only as default map or set, is to change the default implementation of java.util.Map and java.util per the code example in the referenced advisory. However, this implies that your application does not care about the implementation of the map and all elements are comparable.

SQLFluff is a modular SQL linter and auto-formatter with support for multiple dialects and templated code. Prior to version 4.1.0, in deployments where untrusted users can provide SQL queries to be linted, an untrusted user can submit a malicious query with deliberate excessive nesting to any application using the parser to trigger a Denial of Service through resource exhaustion. This issue has been patched in version 4.1.0.

Netty project is an event-driven asynchronous network application framework. In versions prior to 4.1.86.Final, a StackOverflowError can be raised when parsing a malformed crafted message due to an infinite recursion. This issue is patched in version 4.1.86.Final. There is no workaround, except using a custom HaProxyMessageDecoder.

Uncontrolled Recursion vulnerability in Samsung Open Source Escargot allows Oversized Serialized Data Payloads. This issue affects Escargot: 590345cc6258317c5da850d846ce6baaf2afc2d3.

When an Expat parser with a registered ElementDeclHandler parses an inline document type definition containing a deeply nested content model a C stack overflow occurs.

Those using Jettison to parse untrusted XML or JSON data may be vulnerable to Denial of Service attacks (DOS). If the parser is running on user supplied input, an attacker may supply content that causes the parser to crash by Out of memory. This effect may support a denial of service attack.

Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, toFormData recursively walks nested objects with no depth limit, so a deeply nested value passed as request data crashes the Node.js process with a RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1.

Uncontrolled Recursion vulnerability in Apache Thrift Node.js bindings This issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.23.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.23.0, which fixes the issue.

TYPO3 is an open source PHP based web content management system. In TYPO3 before versions 9.5.25, 10.4.14, 11.1.1 requesting invalid or non-existing resources via HTTP triggers the page error handler which again could retrieve content to be shown as error message from another page. This leads to a scenario in which the application is calling itself recursively - amplifying the impact of the initial attack until the limits of the web server are exceeded. This is fixed in versions 9.5.25, 10.4.14, 11.1.1.

Receipt of a malformed packet on MX Series devices with dynamic vlan configuration can trigger an uncontrolled recursion loop in the Broadband Edge subscriber management daemon (bbe-smgd), and lead to high CPU usage and a crash of the bbe-smgd service. Repeated receipt of the same packet can result in an extended denial of service condition for the device. Affected releases are Juniper Networks Junos OS: 16.1 versions prior to 16.1R7-S1; 16.2 versions prior to 16.2R2-S7; 17.1 versions prior to 17.1R2-S10, 17.1R3; 17.2 versions prior to 17.2R3; 17.3 versions prior to 17.3R3-S1; 17.4 versions prior to 17.4R2; 18.1 versions prior to 18.1R3; 18.2 versions prior to 18.2R2.

Nest is a framework for building scalable Node.js server-side applications. Prior to 11.1.19, when an attacker sends many small, valid JSON messages in one TCP frame, handleData() recurses once per message; the buffer shrinks each call. maxBufferSize is never reached; call stack overflows instead. A ~47 KB payload is sufficient to trigger RangeError. This vulnerability is fixed in 11.1.19.

LiquidJS is a Shopify / GitHub Pages compatible template engine in pure JavaScript. Prior to version 10.25.7, a circular block reference in {% layout %} / {% block %} causes an infinite recursive loop, consuming all available memory (~4GB) and crashing the Node.js process with FATAL ERROR: JavaScript heap out of memory. This allows any user who can submit a Liquid template to perform a Denial of Service attack. This issue has been patched in version 10.25.7.

Fortra Globalscape EFT versions before 8.1.0.16 suffer from a denial of service vulnerability, where a compressed message that decompresses to itself can cause infinite recursion and crash the service

Telefnica Brasil Vivo Play (IPTV) Firmware: 2023.04.04.01.06.15 is vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) via DNS Recursion.

An exploitable denial-of-service vulnerability exists in the mdnscap binary of the CUJO Smart Firewall running firmware 7003. When parsing labels in mDNS packets, the firewall unsafely handles label compression pointers, leading to an uncontrolled recursion that eventually exhausts the stack, crashing the mdnscap process. An unauthenticated attacker can send an mDNS message to trigger this vulnerability.

Bundle Protocol and CBOR dissector crashes in Wireshark 4.4.0 to 4.4.3 and 4.2.0 to 4.2.10 allows denial of service via packet injection or crafted capture file

A stack overflow issue existed in Swift for Linux. The issue was addressed with improved input validation for dealing with deeply nested malicious JSON input.

A denial of service vulnerability exists in the FitsOutput::close() functionality of OpenImageIO Project OpenImageIO v2.4.7.1. A specially crafted ImageOutput Object can lead to denial of service. An attacker can provide malicious input to trigger this vulnerability.

The BGP parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 allows stack consumption in print-bgp.c:bgp_attr_print() because of unlimited recursion.

A remote attacker might be able to cause infinite recursion in PowerDNS Recursor 4.8.0 via a DNS query that retrieves DS records for a misconfigured domain, because QName minimization is used in QM fallback mode. This is fixed in 4.8.1.

The SMB parser in tcpdump before 4.9.3 has stack exhaustion in smbutil.c:smb_fdata() via recursion.

FastFeedParser is a high performance RSS, Atom and RDF parser. Prior to 0.5.10, when parse() fetches a URL that returns an HTML page containing a <meta http-equiv="refresh"> tag, it recursively calls itself with the redirect URL — with no depth limit, no visited-URL deduplication, and no redirect count cap. An attacker-controlled server that returns an infinite chain of HTML meta-refresh responses causes unbounded recursion, exhausting the Python call stack and crashing the process. This vulnerability can also be chained with the companion SSRF issue to reach internal network targets after bypassing the initial URL check. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.5.10.

graphql-go (aka GraphQL for Go) through 0.8.0 has infinite recursion in the type definition parser.

[Json-smart](https://netplex.github.io/json-smart/) is a performance focused, JSON processor lib. When reaching a ‘[‘ or ‘{‘ character in the JSON input, the code parses an array or an object respectively. It was discovered that the code does not have any limit to the nesting of such arrays or objects. Since the parsing of nested arrays and objects is done recursively, nesting too many of them can cause a stack exhaustion (stack overflow) and crash the software.

An infinite recursion is triggered in Jettison when constructing a JSONArray from a Collection that contains a self-reference in one of its elements. This leads to a StackOverflowError exception being thrown.

Multer is a node.js middleware for handling `multipart/form-data`. A vulnerability in Multer prior to version 2.1.1 allows an attacker to trigger a Denial of Service (DoS) by sending malformed requests, potentially causing stack overflow. Users should upgrade to version 2.1.1 to receive a patch. No known workarounds are available.

Zigbee TLV dissector crash in Wireshark 4.2.0 allows denial of service via packet injection or crafted capture file

SandboxJS is a JavaScript sandboxing library. Prior to 0.8.36, the @nyariv/sandboxjs parser contains unbounded recursion in the restOfExp function and the lispify/lispifyExpr call chain. An attacker can crash any Node.js process that parses untrusted input by supplying deeply nested expressions (e.g., ~2000 nested parentheses), causing a RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded that terminates the process. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.8.36.

ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. In versions below both 7.1.2-19 and 6.9.13-44, Magick frees the memory of the XML tree via the `DestroyXMLTree()` function; however, this process is executed recursively with no depth limit imposed. When Magick processes an XML file with deeply nested structures, it will exhaust the stack memory, resulting in a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. This issue has been fixed in versions 6.9.13-44 and 7.1.2-19.

Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Prior to versions 8.6.55 and 9.6.0-alpha.44, an attacker can send an unauthenticated HTTP request with a deeply nested query containing logical operators to permanently hang the Parse Server process. The server becomes completely unresponsive and must be manually restarted. This is a bypass of the fix for CVE-2026-32944. This issue has been patched in versions 8.6.55 and 9.6.0-alpha.44.

AutoMapper is a convention-based object-object mapper in .NET. Versions prior to 15.1.1 and 16.1.1 are vulnerable to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. When mapping deeply nested object graphs, the library uses recursive method calls without enforcing a default maximum depth limit. This allows an attacker to provide a specially crafted object graph that exhausts the thread's stack memory, triggering a `StackOverflowException` and causing the entire application process to terminate. Versions 15.1.1 and 16.1.1 fix the issue.

flatted is a circular JSON parser. Prior to 3.4.0, flatted's parse() function uses a recursive revive() phase to resolve circular references in deserialized JSON. When given a crafted payload with deeply nested or self-referential $ indices, the recursion depth is unbounded, causing a stack overflow that crashes the Node.js process. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.4.0.

pyasn1 is a generic ASN.1 library for Python. Prior to 0.6.3, the `pyasn1` library is vulnerable to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack caused by uncontrolled recursion when decoding ASN.1 data with deeply nested structures. An attacker can supply a crafted payload containing thousands of nested `SEQUENCE` (`0x30`) or `SET` (`0x31`) tags with "Indefinite Length" (`0x80`) markers. This forces the decoder to recursively call itself until the Python interpreter crashes with a `RecursionError` or consumes all available memory (OOM), crashing the host application. This is a distinct vulnerability from CVE-2026-23490 (which addressed integer overflows in OID decoding). The fix for CVE-2026-23490 (`MAX_OID_ARC_CONTINUATION_OCTETS`) does not mitigate this recursion issue. Version 0.6.3 fixes this specific issue.

protobufjs compiles protobuf definitions into JavaScript (JS) functions. Prior to 7.5.8 and 8.2.0, protobufjs could recurse without a depth limit while expanding nested JSON descriptors through Root.fromJSON() and Namespace.addJSON(). A crafted JSON descriptor with deeply nested namespace definitions could cause the JavaScript call stack to be exhausted during descriptor loading. This vulnerability is fixed in 7.5.8 and 8.2.0.

xgrammar is an open-source library for efficient, flexible, and portable structured generation. Prior to version 0.1.32, the multi-level nested syntax caused a segmentation fault (core dumped). This issue has been patched in version 0.1.32.

curl 7.21.0 to and including 7.73.0 is vulnerable to uncontrolled recursion due to a stack overflow issue in FTP wildcard match parsing.

Suricata is a network IDS, IPS and NSM engine. Starting in version 8.0.0 and prior to version 8.0.3, Suricata can crash with a stack overflow. Version 8.0.3 patches the issue. As a workaround, use default values for `request-body-limit` and `response-body-limit`.

An exploitable denial-of-service vulnerability exists in the resource record-parsing functionality of Videolabs libmicrodns 0.1.0. When parsing compressed labels in mDNS messages, the compression pointer is followed without checking for recursion, leading to a denial of service. An attacker can send an mDNS message to trigger this vulnerability.

protobufjs compiles protobuf definitions into JavaScript (JS) functions. Prior to 7.5.6 and 8.0.2, protobufjs could recurse without a depth limit while decoding nested protobuf data. This affected both skipping unknown group fields and generated decoding of nested message fields. A crafted protobuf binary payload could cause the JavaScript call stack to be exhausted during decoding. This vulnerability is fixed in 7.5.6 and 8.0.2.

MongoDB Server may experience an out-of-memory failure while evaluating expressions that produce deeply nested documents. The issue arises in recursive functions because the server does not periodically check the depth of the expression.

php-svg-lib is an SVG file parsing / rendering library. Prior to version 0.5.1, when parsing the attributes passed to a `use` tag inside an svg document, an attacker can cause the system to go to an infinite recursion. Depending on the system configuration and attack pattern this could exhaust the memory available to the executing process and/or to the server itself. An attacker sending multiple request to a system to render the above payload can potentially cause resource exhaustion to the point that the system is unable to handle incoming request. Version 0.5.1 contains a patch for this issue.