Zero Motorcycles firmware versions 44 and prior enable an attacker to forcibly pair a device with the motorcycle via Bluetooth. Once paired, an attacker can utilize over-the-air firmware updating functionality to potentially upload malicious firmware to the motorcycle. The motorcycle must first be in Bluetooth pairing mode, and the attacker must be in proximity of the vehicle and understand the full pairing process, to be able to pair their device with the vehicle. The attacker's device must remain paired with and in proximity of the motorcycle for the entire duration of the firmware update.