WebConsole Cross-Site Scripting in Kaspersky Secure Mail Gateway version 1.1.
The ZIP file parser in AhnLab V3 Internet Security 2011.01.18.00, AVG Anti-Virus 10.0.0.1190, Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, eSafe 7.0.17.0, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Jiangmin Antivirus 13.0.900, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, and AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a ZIP file containing an invalid block of data at the beginning. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different ZIP parser implementations.
The ELF file parser in Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, eSafe 7.0.17.0, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, F-Secure Anti-Virus 9.0.16160.0, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, Antiy Labs AVL SDK 2.0.3.7, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, and Panda Antivirus 10.0.2.7 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via an ELF file with a modified class field. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different ELF parser implementations.
The TAR file parser in Avira AntiVir 7.11.1.163, Antiy Labs AVL SDK 2.0.3.7, avast! Antivirus 4.8.1351.0 and 5.0.677.0, AVG Anti-Virus 10.0.0.1190, Bitdefender 7.2, Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, ClamAV 0.96.4, Command Antivirus 5.2.11.5, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, eSafe 7.0.17.0, F-Prot Antivirus 4.6.2.117, G Data AntiVirus 21, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Jiangmin Antivirus 13.0.900, K7 AntiVirus 9.77.3565, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, Antimalware Engine 1.1.6402.0 in Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0, NOD32 Antivirus 5795, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, PC Tools AntiVirus 7.0.3.5, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11, Trend Micro AntiVirus 9.120.0.1004, Trend Micro HouseCall 9.120.0.1004, VBA32 3.12.14.2, and VirusBuster 13.6.151.0 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a TAR archive entry with a length field that exceeds the total TAR file size. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different TAR parser implementations.
The TAR file parser in AhnLab V3 Internet Security 2011.01.18.00, Avira AntiVir 7.11.1.163, Antiy Labs AVL SDK 2.0.3.7, avast! Antivirus 4.8.1351.0 and 5.0.677.0, AVG Anti-Virus 10.0.0.1190, Bitdefender 7.2, Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, ClamAV 0.96.4, Command Antivirus 5.2.11.5, Comodo Antivirus 7424, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, F-Prot Antivirus 4.6.2.117, F-Secure Anti-Virus 9.0.16160.0, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, G Data AntiVirus 21, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Jiangmin Antivirus 13.0.900, K7 AntiVirus 9.77.3565, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, Antimalware Engine 1.1.6402.0 in Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0, NOD32 Antivirus 5795, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, nProtect Anti-Virus 2011-01-17.01, Panda Antivirus 10.0.2.7, PC Tools AntiVirus 7.0.3.5, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11, Trend Micro AntiVirus 9.120.0.1004, Trend Micro HouseCall 9.120.0.1004, VBA32 3.12.14.2, and VirusBuster 13.6.151.0 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a TAR archive entry with a length field corresponding to that entire entry, plus part of the header of the next entry. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different TAR parser implementations.
The TAR file parser in Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, Command Antivirus 5.2.11.5, F-Prot Antivirus 4.6.2.117, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, K7 AntiVirus 9.77.3565, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, Antimalware Engine 1.1.6402.0 in Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0, NOD32 Antivirus 5795, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, Panda Antivirus 10.0.2.7, and Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a POSIX TAR file with an initial \7fELF character sequence. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different TAR parser implementations.
The CAB file parser in Dr.Web 5.0.2.03300, Trend Micro HouseCall 9.120.0.1004, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, Trend Micro AntiVirus 9.120.0.1004, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, CA eTrust Vet Antivirus 36.1.8511, Antiy Labs AVL SDK 2.0.3.7, Antimalware Engine 1.1.6402.0 in Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, and Panda Antivirus 10.0.2.7 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a CAB file with a modified coffFiles field. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different CAB parser implementations.
The TAR file parser in AVG Anti-Virus 10.0.0.1190, Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, Comodo Antivirus 7424, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, eSafe 7.0.17.0, F-Prot Antivirus 4.6.2.117, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Jiangmin Antivirus 13.0.900, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, NOD32 Antivirus 5795, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, Panda Antivirus 10.0.2.7, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11, Trend Micro AntiVirus 9.120.0.1004, and Trend Micro HouseCall 9.120.0.1004 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a TAR file with an appended ZIP file. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different TAR parser implementations.
The ELF file parser in Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, eSafe 7.0.17.0, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, CA eTrust Vet Antivirus 36.1.8511, Antiy Labs AVL SDK 2.0.3.7, PC Tools AntiVirus 7.0.3.5, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, and Panda Antivirus 10.0.2.7 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via an ELF file with a modified encoding field. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different ELF parser implementations.
The Gzip file parser in AVG Anti-Virus 10.0.0.1190, Bitdefender 7.2, Command Antivirus 5.2.11.5, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, F-Secure Anti-Virus 9.0.16160.0, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Jiangmin Antivirus 13.0.900, K7 AntiVirus 9.77.3565, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, NOD32 Antivirus 5795, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11, Trend Micro AntiVirus 9.120.0.1004, Trend Micro HouseCall 9.120.0.1004, and VBA32 3.12.14.2 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a .tar.gz file with multiple compressed streams. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different Gzip parser implementations.
The RAR file parser in ClamAV 0.96.4, Rising Antivirus 22.83.00.03, Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, G Data AntiVirus 21, AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11, Command Antivirus 5.2.11.5, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, PC Tools AntiVirus 7.0.3.5, F-Prot Antivirus 4.6.2.117, VirusBuster 13.6.151.0, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, Antiy Labs AVL SDK 2.0.3.7, K7 AntiVirus 9.77.3565, Trend Micro HouseCall 9.120.0.1004, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, Jiangmin Antivirus 13.0.900, Antimalware Engine 1.1.6402.0 in Microsoft Security Essentials 2.0, Sophos Anti-Virus 4.61.0, NOD32 Antivirus 5795, Avira AntiVir 7.11.1.163, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, Panda Antivirus 10.0.2.7, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, Trend Micro AntiVirus 9.120.0.1004, Comodo Antivirus 7424, Bitdefender 7.2, eSafe 7.0.17.0, F-Secure Anti-Virus 9.0.16160.0, nProtect Anti-Virus 2011-01-17.01, AhnLab V3 Internet Security 2011.01.18.00, AVG Anti-Virus 10.0.0.1190, avast! Antivirus 4.8.1351.0 and 5.0.677.0, and VBA32 3.12.14.2 allows user-assisted remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a RAR file with an initial MZ character sequence. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different RAR parser implementations.
The TAR file parser in Avira AntiVir 7.11.1.163, Antiy Labs AVL SDK 2.0.3.7, Quick Heal (aka Cat QuickHeal) 11.00, Emsisoft Anti-Malware 5.1.0.1, Fortinet Antivirus 4.2.254.0, Ikarus Virus Utilities T3 Command Line Scanner 1.1.97.0, Jiangmin Antivirus 13.0.900, Kaspersky Anti-Virus 7.0.0.125, McAfee Anti-Virus Scanning Engine 5.400.0.1158, McAfee Gateway (formerly Webwasher) 2010.1C, NOD32 Antivirus 5795, Norman Antivirus 6.06.12, PC Tools AntiVirus 7.0.3.5, AVEngine 20101.3.0.103 in Symantec Endpoint Protection 11, Trend Micro AntiVirus 9.120.0.1004, and Trend Micro HouseCall 9.120.0.1004 allows remote attackers to bypass malware detection via a POSIX TAR file with an initial \50\4B\03\04 character sequence. NOTE: this may later be SPLIT into multiple CVEs if additional information is published showing that the error occurred independently in different TAR parser implementations.
Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Total Security, Kaspersky Free Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Small Office Security, Kaspersky Security Cloud up to 2020, the web protection component allowed an attacker remotely disable such product's security features as private browsing and anti-banner. Bypass.
Kaspersky Protection extension for web browser Google Chrome prior to 30.112.62.0 was vulnerable to unauthorized access to its features remotely that could lead to removing other installed extensions.
GONICUS GOsa version before commit 56070d6289d47ba3f5918885954dcceb75606001 contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in change password form (html/password.php, #308) that can result in injection of arbitrary web script or HTML. This attack appear to be exploitable via the victim must open a specially crafted web page. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in after commit 56070d6289d47ba3f5918885954dcceb75606001.
Services/Form/classes/class.ilDateDurationInputGUI.php and Services/Form/classes/class.ilDateTimeInputGUI.php in ILIAS 5.1.x through 5.3.x before 5.3.4 allow XSS via an invalid date.
EasyCMS 1.3 has XSS via the s POST parameter (aka a search box value) in an index.php?s=/index/search/index.html request.
Hastymail 1.0.1 and earlier (stable) and 1.1 and earlier (development) does not send the "attachment" parameter in the Content-Disposition field for attachments, which causes the attachment to be rendered inline by Internet Explorer when the victim clicks the download link, which facilitates cross-site scripting (XSS) and possibly other attacks.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in index.jsp for Liferay before 2.2.0 release 10/1/2004 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML, as demonstrated using the message subject.
BigTree-CMS contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in /users/create that can result in The low-privileged users can use this vulnerability to attack high-privileged(Developer) users.. This attack appear to be exploitable via no. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in after commit b652cfdc14d0670c81ac4401ad5a04376745c279.
RisingStack protect version 1.2.0 and earlier contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in isXss() function in lib/rules/xss.js that can result in dangerous XSS strings being validated as safe. This attack appears to be exploitable via A number of XSS strings(26) detailed in the GitHub issue #16.
Before WordPress 4.9.5, the version string was not escaped in the get_the_generator function, and could lead to XSS in a generator tag.
Floodlight version 1.2 and earlier contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the web console that can result in javascript injections into the web page. This attack appears to be exploitable via the victim browsing the web console.
Lantronix SecureLinx Spider (SLS) 2.2+ devices have XSS in the auth.asp login page.
GlobalProtect Portal Login page in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS before 8.1.4 allows an unauthenticated attacker to inject arbitrary JavaScript or HTML.
I, Librarian version 4.8 and earlier contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in "id" parameter in stable.php that can result in an attacker using the XSS to send a malicious script to an unsuspecting user.
An issue was discovered in BigTree 4.2.22. There is cross-site scripting (XSS) in /core/inc/lib/less.php/test/index.php because of a $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] echo, as demonstrated by the dir parameter in a file=charsets action.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Web-Dorado Instagram Feed WD plugin before 1.3.1 for WordPress allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML by passing payloads in an Instagram profile's bio.
A cross-site scripting vulnerability exists in Jenkins Git Changelog Plugin 2.6 and earlier in GitChangelogSummaryDecorator/summary.jelly, GitChangelogLeftsideBuildDecorator/badge.jelly, GitLogJiraFilterPostPublisher/config.jelly, GitLogBasicChangelogPostPublisher/config.jelly that allows attackers able to control the Git history parsed by the plugin to have Jenkins render arbitrary HTML on some pages.
RubyGems version Ruby 2.2 series: 2.2.9 and earlier, Ruby 2.3 series: 2.3.6 and earlier, Ruby 2.4 series: 2.4.3 and earlier, Ruby 2.5 series: 2.5.0 and earlier, prior to trunk revision 62422 contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in gem server display of homepage attribute that can result in XSS. This attack appear to be exploitable via the victim must browse to a malicious gem on a vulnerable gem server. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 2.7.6.
D-Link DIR-815 REV. B (with firmware through DIR-815_REVB_FIRMWARE_PATCH_2.07.B01) devices have XSS in the Treturn parameter to /htdocs/webinc/js/bsc_sms_inbox.php.
A cross-site scripting vulnerability exists in Jenkins 2.145 and earlier, LTS 2.138.1 and earlier in core/src/main/java/hudson/model/Api.java that allows attackers to specify URLs to Jenkins that result in rendering arbitrary attacker-controlled HTML by Jenkins.
Tooltipy Tooltipy (tooltips for WP) version 5 contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Glossary shortcode that can result in could allow anybody to do almost anything an admin can. This attack appear to be exploitable via Admin must follow a link. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 5.1.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Webmail in Sun ONE Messaging Server 6.1 and iPlanet Messaging Server 5.2 before 5.2hf2.02, when Internet Explorer is used, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted e-mail message, a different vulnerability than CVE-2005-2022 and CVE-2006-5486.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the "help window" (help.php) in Horde Application Framework 2.2.6 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) module, (2) topic, or (3) module parameters.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Yii Framework before 2.0.4 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via vectors related to JSON, arrays, and Internet Explorer 6 or 7.
Joplin version prior to 1.0.90 contains a XSS evolving into code execution due to enabled nodeIntegration for that particular BrowserWindow instance where XSS was identified from vulnerability in Note content field - information on the fix can be found here https://github.com/laurent22/joplin/commit/494e235e18659574f836f84fcf9f4d4fcdcfcf89 that can result in executing unauthorized code within the rights in which the application is running. This attack appear to be exploitable via Victim synchronizing notes from the cloud services or other note-keeping services which contain malicious code. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 1.0.90 and later.
Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Aztek Forum 4.0 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (1) the search parameter in (a) search.php, (2) the email parameter in (b) subscribe.php, and (3) the return and (4) title parameters in (c) forum_2.php.
Akiee version 0.0.3 contains a XSS leading to code execution due to the use of node integration vulnerability in "Details" of a task is not validated that can result in XSS leading to abritrary code execution. This attack appear to be exploitable via The attacker tricks the victim into opening a crafted markdown.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the report viewer in Crystal Enterprise 8.5, 9, and 10 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via script in the URL to a report (RPT) file.
SURFnet OpenConext EngineBlock version 5.7.0 to 5.7.3 contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability that can result in Allows an attacker to inject arbitrary web scripts or HTML into help and login pages. This attack appear to be exploitable via the victim opening a specially crafted URL.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in viewtopic.php in Xoops 2.x, possibly 2 through 2.0.5, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) forum and (2) topic_id parameters.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in P4DB 2.01 and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via (1) SET_PREFERENCES parameter in SetPreferences.cgi; (2) BRANCH parameter in branchView.cgi; (3) FSPC and (4) COMPLETE parameters in changeByUsers.cgi; (5) FSPC, (6) LABEL, (7) EXLABEL, (8) STATUS, (9) MAXCH, (10) FIRSTCH, (11) CHOFFSETDISP, (12) SEARCHDESC, (13) SEARCH_INVERT, (14) USER, (15) GROUP, and (16) CLIENT parameters in changeList.cgi; (17) CH parameter in changeView.cgi; (18) USER parameter in clientList.cgi; (19) CLIENT parameter in clientView.cgi; (20) FSPC parameter in depotTreeBrowser.cgi; (21) FSPC parameter in depotStats.cgi; (22) FSPC, (23) REV, (24) ACT, (25) FSPC2, (26) REV2, (27) CH, and (28) CONTEXT parameters in fileDiffView.cgi; (29) FSPC and (30) REV parameters in fileDownLoad.cgi; (31) FSPC, (32) LISTLAB, and (33) SHOWBRANCH parameters in fileLogView.cgi; (34) FSPC and (35) LABEL parameters in fileSearch.cgi; (36) FSPC, (37) REV, and (38) FORCE parameters in fileViewer.cgi; (39) FSPC parameter in filesChangedSince.cgi; (40) GROUP parameter in groupView.cgi; (41) TYPE, (42) FSPC, and (43) REV parameters in htmlFileView.cgi; (44) CMD parameter in javaDataView.cgi; (45) JOBVIEW and (46) FLD parameters in jobList.cgi; (47) JOB parameter in jobView.cgi; (48) LABEL1 and (49) LABEL2 parameters in labelDiffView.cgi; (50) LABEL parameter in labelView.cgi; (51) FSPC parameter in searchPattern.cgi; (52) TYPE, (53) FSPC, and (54) REV parameters in specialFileView.cgi; (55) GROUPSONLY parameter in userList.cgi; or (56) USER parameter in userView.cgi.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in FLUGELz netmania myu-s and PHP WeblogSystem allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.
Doorkeeper version 2.1.0 through 4.2.5 contains a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in web view's OAuth app form, user authorization prompt web view that can result in Stored XSS on the OAuth Client's name will cause users interacting with it will execute payload. This attack appear to be exploitable via The victim must be tricked to click an opaque link to the web view that runs the XSS payload. A malicious version virtually indistinguishable from a normal link.. This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 4.2.6, 4.3.0.
sourcebans-pp (SourceBans++) 1.5.4.7 has XSS in admin.comms.php via the rebanid parameter.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in phpwhois 4.2.5, as used in the adsense-click-fraud-monitoring plugin 1.7.5 for WordPress, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the query parameter to whois.php.
Martem TELEM GW6 and GWM devices with firmware 2018.04.18-linux_4-01-601cb47 and prior allow improper sanitization of data over a Websocket which may allow cross-site scripting and client-side code execution with target user privileges.
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in signin.aspx for AspDotNetStorefront 3.3 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the returnurl parameter.
A cross-site scripting vulnerability exists in Jenkins CppNCSS Plugin 1.1 and earlier in AbstractProjectAction/index.jelly that allow an attacker to craft links to Jenkins URLs that run arbitrary JavaScript in the user's browser when accessed.