A flaw was found in the Netfilter subsystem in the Linux kernel. The sctp_mt_check did not validate the flag_count field. This flaw allows a local privileged (CAP_NET_ADMIN) attacker to trigger an out-of-bounds read, leading to a crash or information disclosure.

Heap-based buffer overflow in the cook codec in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.5, and Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified data in the initialization buffer.

The RealAudio codec in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.4, Mac RealPlayer 11.0 through 12.0.0.1444, and Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (heap memory corruption) via a crafted audio stream in a RealMedia file.

Heap-based buffer overflow in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.1, Mac RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, and Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a large Screen Width value in the Screen Descriptor header of a GIF87a file in an RTSP stream.

Heap-based buffer overflow in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.4, RealPlayer Enterprise 2.1.2, Mac RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744, and possibly HelixPlayer 1.0.6 and other versions, allows remote attackers to have an unspecified impact via a crafted SIPR file.

Buffer overflow in the fuse_do_ioctl function in fs/fuse/file.c in the Linux kernel before 2.6.37 allows local users to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact by leveraging the ability to operate a CUSE server.

Heap-based buffer overflow in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.5, Mac RealPlayer 11.0 through 12.0.0.1444, and Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by specifying many subbands in cook audio codec information in a Real Audio file.

Multiple heap-based buffer overflows in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.5, and Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744 allow remote attackers to have an unspecified impact via a crafted header in an IVR file.

Heap-based buffer overflow in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.4, RealPlayer Enterprise 2.1.2, Mac RealPlayer 11.0 through 12.0.0.1444, Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744, and possibly HelixPlayer 1.0.6 and other versions, allows remote attackers to have an unspecified impact via a crafted RA5 file.

The copyTexImage2D implementation in the WebGL subsystem in Mozilla Firefox before 17.0, Thunderbird before 17.0, and SeaMonkey before 2.14 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via large image dimensions.

Multiple heap-based buffer overflows in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.4, RealPlayer Enterprise 2.1.2, Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744, and possibly HelixPlayer 1.0.6 and other versions, allow remote attackers to have an unspecified impact via a crafted RealMedia file.

RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.4, Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744, and possibly HelixPlayer 1.0.6 and other versions, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (heap memory corruption) via a crafted RealMedia video file.

Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.241 and 19.x before 19.0.0.185 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.521 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.190, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.190, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 19.0.0.190 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5575, CVE-2015-5577, CVE-2015-5578, CVE-2015-5580, CVE-2015-5582, and CVE-2015-5588.

Heap-based buffer overflow in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.5, RealPlayer Enterprise 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744, and possibly HelixPlayer 1.0.6 and other versions, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via crafted ImageMap data in a RealMedia file, related to certain improper integer calculations.

Heap-based buffer overflow in RealNetworks RealPlayer 11.0 through 11.1, RealPlayer SP 1.0 through 1.1.5, and Linux RealPlayer 11.0.2.1744 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted conditional component in AAC frame data.

parse_audio_mixer_unit in sound/usb/mixer.c in the Linux kernel through 5.2.9 mishandles a short descriptor, leading to out-of-bounds memory access.

Adobe Flash Player before 9.0.289.0 and 10.x before 10.1.102.64 on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Solaris and 10.1.95.1 on Android, and authplay.dll (aka AuthPlayLib.bundle or libauthplay.so.0.0.0) in Adobe Reader and Acrobat 9.x through 9.4, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption and application crash) via crafted SWF content, as exploited in the wild in October 2010.

In Wireshark 3.0.0 to 3.0.2, 2.6.0 to 2.6.9, and 2.4.0 to 2.4.15, the ASN.1 BER dissector and related dissectors could crash. This was addressed in epan/asn1.c by properly restricting buffer increments.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Fix DEVMAP_HASH overflow check on 32-bit arches The devmap code allocates a number hash buckets equal to the next power of two of the max_entries value provided when creating the map. When rounding up to the next power of two, the 32-bit variable storing the number of buckets can overflow, and the code checks for overflow by checking if the truncated 32-bit value is equal to 0. However, on 32-bit arches the rounding up itself can overflow mid-way through, because it ends up doing a left-shift of 32 bits on an unsigned long value. If the size of an unsigned long is four bytes, this is undefined behaviour, so there is no guarantee that we'll end up with a nice and tidy 0-value at the end. Syzbot managed to turn this into a crash on arm32 by creating a DEVMAP_HASH with max_entries > 0x80000000 and then trying to update it. Fix this by moving the overflow check to before the rounding up operation.

In the Linux kernel before 4.9.6, there is an off by one in the drivers/mtd/spi-nor/cadence-quadspi.c cqspi_setup_flash() function. There are CQSPI_MAX_CHIPSELECT elements in the ->f_pdata array so the ">" should be ">=" instead.

A flaw was found in the Linux kernel in versions before 5.4.92 in the BPF protocol. This flaw allows an attacker with a local account to leak information about kernel internal addresses. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Fix hashtab overflow check on 32-bit arches The hashtab code relies on roundup_pow_of_two() to compute the number of hash buckets, and contains an overflow check by checking if the resulting value is 0. However, on 32-bit arches, the roundup code itself can overflow by doing a 32-bit left-shift of an unsigned long value, which is undefined behaviour, so it is not guaranteed to truncate neatly. This was triggered by syzbot on the DEVMAP_HASH type, which contains the same check, copied from the hashtab code. So apply the same fix to hashtab, by moving the overflow check to before the roundup.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Fix stackmap overflow check on 32-bit arches The stackmap code relies on roundup_pow_of_two() to compute the number of hash buckets, and contains an overflow check by checking if the resulting value is 0. However, on 32-bit arches, the roundup code itself can overflow by doing a 32-bit left-shift of an unsigned long value, which is undefined behaviour, so it is not guaranteed to truncate neatly. This was triggered by syzbot on the DEVMAP_HASH type, which contains the same check, copied from the hashtab code. The commit in the fixes tag actually attempted to fix this, but the fix did not account for the UB, so the fix only works on CPUs where an overflow does result in a neat truncation to zero, which is not guaranteed. Checking the value before rounding does not have this problem.

A vulnerability in the Easy Virtual Switching System (VSS) feature of Cisco IOS XE Software for Cisco Catalyst 4500 Series Switches and Cisco Catalyst 4500-X Series Switches could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code on the underlying Linux operating system of an affected device. The vulnerability is due to incorrect boundary checks of certain values in Easy VSS protocol packets that are destined for an affected device. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted Easy VSS protocol packets to UDP port 5500 while the affected device is in a specific state. When the crafted packet is processed, a buffer overflow condition may occur. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to trigger a denial of service (DoS) condition or execute arbitrary code with root privileges on the underlying Linux operating system of the affected device.

Google Chrome before 6.0.472.59 on Linux does not properly implement the Khmer locale, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption) or possibly have unspecified other impact via unknown vectors.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: LoongArch: BPF: Prevent out-of-bounds memory access The test_tag test triggers an unhandled page fault: # ./test_tag [ 130.640218] CPU 0 Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff80001b898004, era == 9000000003137f7c, ra == 9000000003139e70 [ 130.640501] Oops[#3]: [ 130.640553] CPU: 0 PID: 1326 Comm: test_tag Tainted: G D O 6.7.0-rc4-loong-devel-gb62ab1a397cf #47 61985c1d94084daa2432f771daa45b56b10d8d2a [ 130.640764] Hardware name: QEMU QEMU Virtual Machine, BIOS unknown 2/2/2022 [ 130.640874] pc 9000000003137f7c ra 9000000003139e70 tp 9000000104cb4000 sp 9000000104cb7a40 [ 130.641001] a0 ffff80001b894000 a1 ffff80001b897ff8 a2 000000006ba210be a3 0000000000000000 [ 130.641128] a4 000000006ba210be a5 00000000000000f1 a6 00000000000000b3 a7 0000000000000000 [ 130.641256] t0 0000000000000000 t1 00000000000007f6 t2 0000000000000000 t3 9000000004091b70 [ 130.641387] t4 000000006ba210be t5 0000000000000004 t6 fffffffffffffff0 t7 90000000040913e0 [ 130.641512] t8 0000000000000005 u0 0000000000000dc0 s9 0000000000000009 s0 9000000104cb7ae0 [ 130.641641] s1 00000000000007f6 s2 0000000000000009 s3 0000000000000095 s4 0000000000000000 [ 130.641771] s5 ffff80001b894000 s6 ffff80001b897fb0 s7 9000000004090c50 s8 0000000000000000 [ 130.641900] ra: 9000000003139e70 build_body+0x1fcc/0x4988 [ 130.642007] ERA: 9000000003137f7c build_body+0xd8/0x4988 [ 130.642112] CRMD: 000000b0 (PLV0 -IE -DA +PG DACF=CC DACM=CC -WE) [ 130.642261] PRMD: 00000004 (PPLV0 +PIE -PWE) [ 130.642353] EUEN: 00000003 (+FPE +SXE -ASXE -BTE) [ 130.642458] ECFG: 00071c1c (LIE=2-4,10-12 VS=7) [ 130.642554] ESTAT: 00010000 [PIL] (IS= ECode=1 EsubCode=0) [ 130.642658] BADV: ffff80001b898004 [ 130.642719] PRID: 0014c010 (Loongson-64bit, Loongson-3A5000) [ 130.642815] Modules linked in: [last unloaded: bpf_testmod(O)] [ 130.642924] Process test_tag (pid: 1326, threadinfo=00000000f7f4015f, task=000000006499f9fd) [ 130.643062] Stack : 0000000000000000 9000000003380724 0000000000000000 0000000104cb7be8 [ 130.643213] 0000000000000000 25af8d9b6e600558 9000000106250ea0 9000000104cb7ae0 [ 130.643378] 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 9000000104cb7be8 90000000049f6000 [ 130.643538] 0000000000000090 9000000106250ea0 ffff80001b894000 ffff80001b894000 [ 130.643685] 00007ffffb917790 900000000313ca94 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 [ 130.643831] ffff80001b894000 0000000000000ff7 0000000000000000 9000000100468000 [ 130.643983] 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000000000000040 25af8d9b6e600558 [ 130.644131] 0000000000000bb7 ffff80001b894048 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 [ 130.644276] 9000000104cb7be8 90000000049f6000 0000000000000090 9000000104cb7bdc [ 130.644423] ffff80001b894000 0000000000000000 00007ffffb917790 90000000032acfb0 [ 130.644572] ... [ 130.644629] Call Trace: [ 130.644641] [<9000000003137f7c>] build_body+0xd8/0x4988 [ 130.644785] [<900000000313ca94>] bpf_int_jit_compile+0x228/0x4ec [ 130.644891] [<90000000032acfb0>] bpf_prog_select_runtime+0x158/0x1b0 [ 130.645003] [<90000000032b3504>] bpf_prog_load+0x760/0xb44 [ 130.645089] [<90000000032b6744>] __sys_bpf+0xbb8/0x2588 [ 130.645175] [<90000000032b8388>] sys_bpf+0x20/0x2c [ 130.645259] [<9000000003f6ab38>] do_syscall+0x7c/0x94 [ 130.645369] [<9000000003121c5c>] handle_syscall+0xbc/0x158 [ 130.645507] [ 130.645539] Code: 380839f6 380831f9 28412bae <24000ca6> 004081ad 0014cb50 004083e8 02bff34c 58008e91 [ 130.645729] [ 130.646418] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- On my machine, which has CONFIG_PAGE_SIZE_16KB=y, the test failed at loading a BPF prog with 2039 instructions: prog = (struct bpf_prog *)ffff80001b894000 insn = (struct bpf_insn *)(prog->insnsi)fff ---truncated---

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: pwm: Fix out-of-bounds access in of_pwm_single_xlate() With args->args_count == 2 args->args[2] is not defined. Actually the flags are contained in args->args[1].

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: Reject variable offset alu on PTR_TO_FLOW_KEYS For PTR_TO_FLOW_KEYS, check_flow_keys_access() only uses fixed off for validation. However, variable offset ptr alu is not prohibited for this ptr kind. So the variable offset is not checked. The following prog is accepted: func#0 @0 0: R1=ctx() R10=fp0 0: (bf) r6 = r1 ; R1=ctx() R6_w=ctx() 1: (79) r7 = *(u64 *)(r6 +144) ; R6_w=ctx() R7_w=flow_keys() 2: (b7) r8 = 1024 ; R8_w=1024 3: (37) r8 /= 1 ; R8_w=scalar() 4: (57) r8 &= 1024 ; R8_w=scalar(smin=smin32=0, smax=umax=smax32=umax32=1024,var_off=(0x0; 0x400)) 5: (0f) r7 += r8 mark_precise: frame0: last_idx 5 first_idx 0 subseq_idx -1 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r8 stack= before 4: (57) r8 &= 1024 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r8 stack= before 3: (37) r8 /= 1 mark_precise: frame0: regs=r8 stack= before 2: (b7) r8 = 1024 6: R7_w=flow_keys(smin=smin32=0,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=1024,var_off =(0x0; 0x400)) R8_w=scalar(smin=smin32=0,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=1024, var_off=(0x0; 0x400)) 6: (79) r0 = *(u64 *)(r7 +0) ; R0_w=scalar() 7: (95) exit This prog loads flow_keys to r7, and adds the variable offset r8 to r7, and finally causes out-of-bounds access: BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffffc90014c80038 [...] Call Trace: <TASK> bpf_dispatcher_nop_func include/linux/bpf.h:1231 [inline] __bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:651 [inline] bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:658 [inline] bpf_prog_run_pin_on_cpu include/linux/filter.h:675 [inline] bpf_flow_dissect+0x15f/0x350 net/core/flow_dissector.c:991 bpf_prog_test_run_flow_dissector+0x39d/0x620 net/bpf/test_run.c:1359 bpf_prog_test_run kernel/bpf/syscall.c:4107 [inline] __sys_bpf+0xf8f/0x4560 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5475 __do_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5561 [inline] __se_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5559 [inline] __x64_sys_bpf+0x73/0xb0 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5559 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x3f/0x110 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0x6b Fix this by rejecting ptr alu with variable offset on flow_keys. Applying the patch rejects the program with "R7 pointer arithmetic on flow_keys prohibited".

The ff_sbr_apply function in libavcodec/aacsbr.c in FFmpeg before 2.7.2 does not check for a matching AAC frame syntax element before proceeding with Spectral Band Replication calculations, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds array access) or possibly have unspecified other impact via crafted AAC data.

libxml2 before 2.7.8, as used in Google Chrome before 7.0.517.44, Apple Safari 5.0.2 and earlier, and other products, reads from invalid memory locations during processing of malformed XPath expressions, which allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) via a crafted XML document.

The X.25 implementation in the Linux kernel before 2.6.36.2 does not properly parse facilities, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap memory corruption and panic) or possibly have unspecified other impact via malformed (1) X25_FAC_CALLING_AE or (2) X25_FAC_CALLED_AE data, related to net/x25/x25_facilities.c and net/x25/x25_in.c, a different vulnerability than CVE-2010-4164.

libmspack 0.9.1alpha is affected by: Buffer Overflow. The impact is: Information Disclosure. The component is: function chmd_read_headers() in libmspack(file libmspack/mspack/chmd.c). The attack vector is: the victim must open a specially crafted chm file. The fixed version is: after commit 2f084136cfe0d05e5bf5703f3e83c6d955234b4d.

The compat_alloc_user_space functions in include/asm/compat.h files in the Linux kernel before 2.6.36-rc4-git2 on 64-bit platforms do not properly allocate the userspace memory required for the 32-bit compatibility layer, which allows local users to gain privileges by leveraging the ability of the compat_mc_getsockopt function (aka the MCAST_MSFILTER getsockopt support) to control a certain length value, related to a "stack pointer underflow" issue, as exploited in the wild in September 2010.

Buffer overflow in the niu_get_ethtool_tcam_all function in drivers/net/niu.c in the Linux kernel before 2.6.36-rc4 allows local users to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via the ETHTOOL_GRXCLSRLALL ethtool command.

Google Chrome before 5.0.375.99 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption) or possibly have unspecified other impact via an invalid SVG document.

Multiple buffer overflows in the iSNS implementation in isns.c in (1) Linux SCSI target framework (aka tgt or scsi-target-utils) before 1.0.6, (2) iSCSI Enterprise Target (aka iscsitarget or IET) 1.4.20.1 and earlier, and (3) Generic SCSI Target Subsystem for Linux (aka SCST or iscsi-scst) 1.0.1.1 and earlier allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption and daemon crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via (a) a long iSCSI Name string in an SCN message or (b) an invalid PDU.

The implementation of the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (aka Bidi algorithm or UBA) in Google Chrome before 5.0.375.99 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory corruption) or possibly have unspecified other impact via unknown vectors.

Multiple buffer overflows in fs/nfsd/nfs4xdr.c in the XDR implementation in the NFS server in the Linux kernel before 2.6.34-rc6 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (panic) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted NFSv4 compound WRITE request, related to the read_buf and nfsd4_decode_compound functions.

Buffer overflow in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.241 and 19.x before 19.0.0.185 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.521 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.190, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.190, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 19.0.0.190 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6676.

Buffer overflow in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.241 and 19.x before 19.0.0.185 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.521 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 19.0.0.190, Adobe AIR SDK before 19.0.0.190, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 19.0.0.190 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-6678.

Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.333 and 19.x through 21.x before 21.0.0.182 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.577 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 21.0.0.176, Adobe AIR SDK before 21.0.0.176, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 21.0.0.176 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2016-0960, CVE-2016-0962, CVE-2016-0986, CVE-2016-0989, CVE-2016-0992, CVE-2016-1002, and CVE-2016-1005.

Stack-based buffer overflow in the (1) sid_parse and (2) dom_sid_parse functions in Samba before 3.5.5 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a crafted Windows Security ID (SID) on a file share.

Buffer overflow in the IGDstartelt function in igd_desc_parse.c in the MiniUPnP client (aka MiniUPnPc) before 1.9.20150917 allows remote UPNP servers to cause a denial of service (application crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via an "oversized" XML element name.

Expat allows context-dependent attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via a malformed input document, which triggers a buffer overflow.

Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.232 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.508 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.199, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.199, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 18.0.0.199 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5544, CVE-2015-5546, CVE-2015-5547, CVE-2015-5548, CVE-2015-5549, CVE-2015-5552, and CVE-2015-5553.

Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.232 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.508 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.199, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.199, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 18.0.0.199 allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (memory corruption) via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5544, CVE-2015-5545, CVE-2015-5546, CVE-2015-5547, CVE-2015-5548, CVE-2015-5549, and CVE-2015-5553.

The sctp_init function in net/sctp/protocol.c in the Linux kernel before 4.2.3 has an incorrect sequence of protocol-initialization steps, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (panic or memory corruption) by creating SCTP sockets before all of the steps have finished.

Heap-based buffer overflow in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.232 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.508 on Linux, Adobe AIR before 18.0.0.199, Adobe AIR SDK before 18.0.0.199, and Adobe AIR SDK & Compiler before 18.0.0.199 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2015-5541.

Heap-based buffer overflow in the ParseValue function in lexer.c in tidy before 4.9.31 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (crash) via vectors involving a command character in an href.