A denial-of-service issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 26.4 and iPadOS 26.4, macOS Sequoia 15.7.5, macOS Sonoma 14.8.5, macOS Tahoe 26.4. A remote attacker may be able to cause a denial-of-service.

express-rate-limit is a basic rate-limiting middleware for Express. In versions starting from 8.0.0 and prior to versions 8.0.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.2, and 8.3.0, the default keyGenerator in express-rate-limit applies IPv6 subnet masking (/56 by default) to all addresses that net.isIPv6() returns true for. This includes IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses (::ffff:x.x.x.x), which Node.js returns as request.ip on dual-stack servers. Because the first 80 bits of all IPv4-mapped addresses are zero, a /56 (or any /32 to /80) subnet mask produces the same network key (::/56) for every IPv4 client. This collapses all IPv4 traffic into a single rate-limit bucket: one client exhausting the limit causes HTTP 429 for all other IPv4 clients. This issue has been patched in versions 8.0.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.2, and 8.3.0.

Astro is a web framework. Prior to version 10.0.0, Astro's Server Islands POST handler buffers and parses the full request body as JSON without enforcing a size limit. Because JSON.parse() allocates a V8 heap object for every element in the input, a crafted payload of many small JSON objects achieves ~15x memory amplification (wire bytes to heap bytes), allowing a single unauthenticated request to exhaust the process heap and crash the server. The /_server-islands/[name] route is registered on all Astro SSR apps regardless of whether any component uses server:defer, and the body is parsed before the island name is validated, so any Astro SSR app with the Node standalone adapter is affected. This issue has been patched in version 10.0.0.

DiceBear is an avatar library for designers and developers. Prior to version 9.4.0, the `ensureSize()` function in `@dicebear/converter` read the `width` and `height` attributes from the input SVG to determine the output canvas size for rasterization (PNG, JPEG, WebP, AVIF). An attacker who can supply a crafted SVG with extremely large dimensions (e.g. `width="999999999"`) could force the server to allocate excessive memory, leading to denial of service. This primarily affects server-side applications that pass untrusted or user-supplied SVGs to the converter's `toPng()`, `toJpeg()`, `toWebp()`, or `toAvif()` functions. Applications that only convert self-generated DiceBear avatars are not practically exploitable, but are still recommended to upgrade. This is fixed in version 9.4.0. The `ensureSize()` function no longer reads SVG attributes to determine output size. Instead, a new `size` option (default: 512, max: 2048) controls the output dimensions. Invalid values (NaN, negative, zero, Infinity) fall back to the default. If upgrading is not immediately possible, validate and sanitize the `width` and `height` attributes of any untrusted SVG input before passing it to the converter.

OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.14 contain a denial of service vulnerability in the fetchWithGuard function that allocates entire response payloads in memory before enforcing maxBytes limits. Remote attackers can trigger memory exhaustion by serving oversized responses without content-length headers to cause availability loss.

OpenTelemetry-Go is the Go implementation of OpenTelemetry. From 1.36.0 to 1.40.0, multi-value baggage: header extraction parses each header field-value independently and aggregates members across values. This allows an attacker to amplify cpu and allocations by sending many baggage: header lines, even when each individual value is within the 8192-byte per-value parse limit. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.41.0.

jackson-core contains core low-level incremental ("streaming") parser and generator abstractions used by Jackson Data Processor. From version 3.0.0 to before version 3.1.0, the UTF8DataInputJsonParser, which is used when parsing from a java.io.DataInput source, bypasses the maxNestingDepth constraint (default: 500) defined in StreamReadConstraints. A similar issue was found in ReaderBasedJsonParser. This allows a user to supply a JSON document with excessive nesting, which can cause a StackOverflowError when the structure is processed, leading to a Denial of Service (DoS). This issue has been patched in version 3.1.0.

An Environment (CWE-2) vulnerability exists in SoMachine Basic, all versions, and Modicon M221(all references, all versions prior to firmware V1.10.0.0) which could cause cycle time impact when flooding the M221 ethernet interface while the Ethernet/IP adapter is activated.

OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.13 contain a denial of service vulnerability in webhook handlers that buffer request bodies without strict byte or time limits. Remote unauthenticated attackers can send oversized JSON payloads or slow uploads to webhook endpoints causing memory pressure and availability degradation.

OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.14 decode base64-backed media inputs into buffers before enforcing decoded-size budget limits, allowing attackers to trigger large memory allocations. Remote attackers can supply oversized base64 payloads to cause memory pressure and denial of service.

Hyperledger Fabric is a permissioned distributed ledger framework. In affected versions if a consensus client sends a malformed consensus request to an orderer it may crash the orderer node. A fix has been added in commit 0f1835949 which checks for missing consensus messages and returns an error to the consensus client should the message be missing. Users are advised to upgrade to versions 2.2.7 or v2.4.5. There are no known workarounds for this issue.

An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 8.13 before 17.10.7, 17.11 before 17.11.3, and 18.0 before 18.0.1. A lack of input validation in Board Names could be used to trigger a denial of service.

An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 8.14 before 18.0.6, 18.1 before 18.1.4, and 18.2 before 18.2.2 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to create a denial of service condition by sending specially crafted payloads to specific integration API endpoints.

An issue in the Proxygen handling of HTTP2 parsing of headers/trailers can lead to a denial-of-service attack. This affects Proxygen prior to v2018.12.31.00.

OpenAirInterface V2.2.0 AMF crashes when it receives an NGAP message with invalid procedure code or invalid PDU-type. For example when the message specification requires InitiatingMessage but sent with successfulOutcome.

Discourse is the an open source discussion platform. In affected versions an email activation route can be abused to send mass spam emails. A fix has been included in the latest stable, beta and tests-passed versions of Discourse which rate limits emails. Users are advised to upgrade. Users unable to upgrade should manually rate limit email.

Proxygen fails to validate that a secondary auth manager is set before dereferencing it. That can cause a denial of service issue when parsing a Certificate/CertificateRequest HTTP2 Frame over a fizz (TLS 1.3) transport. This issue affects Proxygen releases starting from v2018.10.29.00 until the fix in v2018.11.19.00.

A Malformed h2 frame can cause 'std::out_of_range' exception when parsing priority meta data. This behavior can lead to denial-of-service. This affects all supported versions of HHVM (3.25.2, 3.24.6, and 3.21.10 and below) when using the proxygen server to handle HTTP2 requests.

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 10.0 before 18.7.6, 18.8 before 18.8.6, and 18.9 before 18.9.2 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause a denial of service by issuing specially crafted requests to repository archive endpoints under certain conditions.

OpenClaw before 2026.3.28 accepts unbounded concurrent unauthenticated WebSocket upgrades without pre-authentication budget allocation. Unauthenticated network attackers can exhaust socket and worker capacity to disrupt WebSocket availability for legitimate clients.

A lack of rate limiting in the 'forgot password' feature of Zammad v5.1.0 allows attackers to send an excessive amount of reset requests for a legitimate user, leading to a possible Denial of Service (DoS) via a large amount of generated e-mail messages.

A Business Logic vulnerability exists in SourceCodester Pharmacy Product Management System 1.0 in the add-stock.php file. The application fails to validate the "txtqty" parameter during stock entry, allowing negative values to be processed. This causes the system to decrease the inventory level instead of increasing it, leading to inventory corruption and potential Denial of Service by depleting stock records.

By design, BIND is intended to limit the number of TCP clients that can be connected at any given time. The number of allowed connections is a tunable parameter which, if unset, defaults to a conservative value for most servers. Unfortunately, the code which was intended to limit the number of simultaneous connections contained an error which could be exploited to grow the number of simultaneous connections beyond this limit. Versions affected: BIND 9.9.0 -> 9.10.8-P1, 9.11.0 -> 9.11.6, 9.12.0 -> 9.12.4, 9.14.0. BIND 9 Supported Preview Edition versions 9.9.3-S1 -> 9.11.5-S3, and 9.11.5-S5. Versions 9.13.0 -> 9.13.7 of the 9.13 development branch are also affected. Versions prior to BIND 9.9.0 have not been evaluated for vulnerability to CVE-2018-5743.

If Apache HTTP Server 2.4.53 is configured to do transformations with mod_sed in contexts where the input to mod_sed may be very large, mod_sed may make excessively large memory allocations and trigger an abort.

OpenAirInterface V2.2.0 AMF crashes when it fails to decode the message. Not all decode failures result in a crash. But the crash is consistent for particular inputs. An example input in hex stream is 80 00 00 0E 00 00 01 00 0F 80 02 02 40 00 58 00 01 88.

OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.3.1 contain an unbounded memory growth vulnerability in the Zalo webhook endpoint that allows unauthenticated attackers to trigger in-memory key accumulation by varying query strings. Remote attackers can exploit this by sending repeated requests with different query parameters to cause memory pressure, process instability, or out-of-memory conditions that degrade service availability.

EasyFlow GP developed by Digiwin has a Denial of service vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to send specific requests that result in denial of web service.

Improper Input Validation vulnerability in the handling of a specially crafted IEC 61850 packet with a valid data item but with incorrect data type in the IEC 61850 OPC Server in the Hitachi Energy MicroSCADA X SYS600, MicroSCADA Pro SYS600. The vulnerability may cause a denial-of-service on the IEC 61850 OPC Server part of the SYS600 product. This issue affects: Hitachi Energy MicroSCADA Pro SYS600 version 9.4 FP2 Hotfix 4 and earlier versions Hitachi Energy MicroSCADA X SYS600 version 10 to version 10.3.1. cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_pro_sys600:9.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_pro_sys600:9.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_pro_sys600:9.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_pro_sys600:9.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_pro_sys600:9.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_x_sys600:10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_x_sys600:10.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_x_sys600:10.1.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_x_sys600:10.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_x_sys600:10.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_x_sys600:10.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:hitachienergy:microscada_x_sys600:10.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

In Apache HTTP Server 2.4.53 and earlier, a malicious request to a lua script that calls r:parsebody(0) may cause a denial of service due to no default limit on possible input size.

A Denial-of-Service (DoS) vulnerability was discovered in F-Secure Atlant whereby the fsicapd component used in certain F-Secure products while scanning larger packages/fuzzed files consume too much memory eventually can crash the scanning engine. The exploit can be triggered remotely by an attacker.

NATS-Server is a High-Performance server for NATS.io, a cloud and edge native messaging system. The WebSockets handling of NATS messages handles compressed messages via the WebSockets negotiated compression. Prior to versions 2.11.2 and 2.12.3, the implementation bound the memory size of a NATS message but did not independently bound the memory consumption of the memory stream when constructing a NATS message which might then fail validation for size reasons. An attacker can use a compression bomb to cause excessive memory consumption, often resulting in the operating system terminating the server process. The use of compression is negotiated before authentication, so this does not require valid NATS credentials to exploit. The fix, present in versions 2.11.2 and 2.12.3, was to bounds the decompression to fail once the message was too large, instead of continuing on. The vulnerability only affects deployments which use WebSockets and which expose the network port to untrusted end-points.

basic-ftp is an FTP client for Node.js. Versions prior to 5.3.0 are vulnerable to denial of service through unbounded memory growth while processing directory listings from a remote FTP server. A malicious or compromised server can send an extremely large or never-ending listing response to `Client.list()`, causing the client process to consume memory until it becomes unstable or crashes. Version 5.3.0 fixes the issue.

joserfc is a Python library that provides an implementation of several JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) standards. In 1.6.2 and earlier, a resource exhaustion vulnerability in joserfc allows an unauthenticated attacker to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via CPU exhaustion. When the library decrypts a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) token using Password-Based Encryption (PBES2) algorithms, it reads the p2c (PBES2 Count) parameter directly from the token's protected header. This parameter defines the number of iterations for the PBKDF2 key derivation function. Because joserfc does not validate or bound this value, an attacker can specify an extremely large iteration count (e.g., 2^31 - 1), forcing the server to expend massive CPU resources processing a single token. This vulnerability exists at the JWA layer and impacts all high-level JWE and JWT decryption interfaces if PBES2 algorithms are allowed by the application's policy.

pgjdbc is an open source postgresql JDBC Driver. From version 42.2.0 to before version 42.7.11, pgjdbc is vulnerable to a client-side denial of service during SCRAM-SHA-256 authentication. A malicious server can instruct the driver to perform SCRAM authentication with a very large iteration count. With a large enough value, the client spends an unbounded amount of CPU time inside PBKDF2 before authentication can fail. A single attempt ties up a CPU core. Repeated or concurrent attempts exhaust client CPU and can wedge connection pools. In affected versions, loginTimeout did not fully mitigate this problem. When loginTimeout expired, the caller could stop waiting, but the worker thread performing the connection attempt could continue running and burning CPU inside the SCRAM PBKDF2 computation. This issue has been patched in version 42.7.11.

Reader.Read does not set a limit on the maximum size of file headers. A maliciously crafted archive could cause Read to allocate unbounded amounts of memory, potentially causing resource exhaustion or panics. After fix, Reader.Read limits the maximum size of header blocks to 1 MiB.

A vulnerability has been identified in SCALANCE W1788-1 M12 (All versions < V3.0.0), SCALANCE W1788-2 EEC M12 (All versions < V3.0.0), SCALANCE W1788-2 M12 (All versions < V3.0.0), SCALANCE W1788-2IA M12 (All versions < V3.0.0). Affected devices do not properly handle malformed Multicast LLC frames. This could allow an attacker to trigger a denial of service condition.

BigBlueButton is an open source web conferencing system. Versions starting with 2.2 and prior to 2.3.19, 2.4.7, and 2.5.0-beta.2 are vulnerable to regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) attacks. By using specific a RegularExpression, an attacker can cause denial of service for the bbb-html5 service. The useragent library performs checking of device by parsing the input of User-Agent header and lets it go through lookupUserAgent() (alias of useragent.lookup() ). This function handles input by regexing and attackers can abuse that by providing some ReDos payload using `SmartWatch`. The maintainers removed `htmlclient/useragent` from versions 2.3.19, 2.4.7, and 2.5.0-beta.2. As a workaround, disable NginX forwarding the requests to the handler according to the directions in the GitHub Security Advisory.

XWiki Platform is a generic wiki platform offering runtime services for applications built on top of it. Versions 1.8-rc-1, 17.0.0-rc-1 and 17.5.0-rc-1 and prior include a resource exhaustion vulnerability in REST API endpoints such as /xwiki/rest/wikis/xwiki/spaces/AnnotationCode/pages/AnnotationConfig/objects/AnnotationCode.AnnotationConfig/0/properties, which list all available pages as part of the metadata for database list properties without applying query limits. On large wikis, this can exhaust available server resources. This issue has been patched in versions 16.10.16, 17.4.8 and 17.10.1.

Insufficient validation in the IOCTL input/output buffer in AMD μProf may allow an attacker to bypass bounds checks potentially leading to a Windows kernel crash resulting in denial of service.

A vulnerability has been identified in OpenPCS 7 V7.1 and earlier (All versions), OpenPCS 7 V8.0 (All versions), OpenPCS 7 V8.1 (All versions < V8.1 Upd5), OpenPCS 7 V8.2 (All versions), OpenPCS 7 V9.0 (All versions < V9.0 Upd1), SIMATIC BATCH V7.1 and earlier (All versions), SIMATIC BATCH V8.0 (All versions < V8.0 SP1 Upd21), SIMATIC BATCH V8.1 (All versions < V8.1 SP1 Upd16), SIMATIC BATCH V8.2 (All versions < V8.2 Upd10), SIMATIC BATCH V9.0 (All versions < V9.0 SP1), SIMATIC NET PC Software V14 (All versions < V14 SP1 Update 14), SIMATIC NET PC Software V15 (All versions < 15 SP1), SIMATIC PCS 7 V7.1 and earlier (All versions), SIMATIC PCS 7 V8.0 (All versions), SIMATIC PCS 7 V8.1 (All versions), SIMATIC PCS 7 V8.2 (All versions < V8.2 SP1), SIMATIC PCS 7 V9.0 (All versions < V9.0 SP1), SIMATIC Route Control V7.1 and earlier (All versions), SIMATIC Route Control V8.0 (All versions), SIMATIC Route Control V8.1 (All versions), SIMATIC Route Control V8.2 (All versions), SIMATIC Route Control V9.0 (All versions < V9.0 Upd1), SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Professional V13 (All versions < V13 SP2 Upd2), SIMATIC WinCC Runtime Professional V14 (All versions < V14 SP1 Upd5), SIMATIC WinCC V7.2 and earlier (All versions < WinCC 7.2 Upd 15), SIMATIC WinCC V7.3 (All versions < WinCC 7.3 Upd 16), SIMATIC WinCC V7.4 (All versions < V7.4 SP1 Upd 4), SPPA-T3000 Application Server (All versions < Service Pack R8.2 SP2). Specially crafted messages sent to the RPC service of the affected products could cause a Denial-of-Service condition on the remote and local communication functionality of the affected products. A reboot of the system is required to recover the remote and local communication functionality. Please note that an attacker needs to have network access to the Application Server in order to exploit this vulnerability. At the time of advisory publication no public exploitation of this security vulnerability was known.

Valkey is a distributed key-value database. Starting in version 9.0.0 and prior to version 9.0.3, a malicious actor with network access to Valkey can cause the system to abort by triggering an assertion. When processing incoming requests, the Valkey system does not properly reset the networking state after processing an empty request. A malicious actor can then send a request that the server incorrectly identifies as breaking server side invariants, which results in the server shutting down. Version 9.0.3 fixes the issue. As an additional mitigation, properly isolate Valkey deployments so that only trusted users have access.

PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to 4.5.128, the /media-stream WebSocket endpoint in PraisonAI's call module accepts connections from any client without authentication or Twilio signature validation. Each connection opens an authenticated session to OpenAI's Realtime API using the server's API key. There are no limits on concurrent connections, message rate, or message size, allowing an unauthenticated attacker to exhaust server resources and drain the victim's OpenAI API credits. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.5.128.

In OpenDDS through 3.27, there is a segmentation fault for a DataWriter with a large value of resource_limits.max_samples. NOTE: the vendor's position is that the product is not designed to handle a max_samples value that is too large for the amount of memory on the system.

Palantir Gotham versions prior to 3.22.11.2 included an unauthenticated endpoint that would load portions of maliciously crafted zip files to memory. An attacker could repeatedly upload a malicious zip file, which would allow them to exhaust memory resources on the dispatch server.

Unfurl before 2026.04 contains an unbounded zlib decompression vulnerability in parse_compressed.py that allows remote attackers to cause denial of service. Attackers can submit highly compressed payloads via URL parameters to the /json/visjs endpoint that expand to gigabytes, exhausting server memory and crashing the service.

The Linux kernel, versions 3.9+, is vulnerable to a denial of service attack with low rates of specially modified packets targeting IP fragment re-assembly. An attacker may cause a denial of service condition by sending specially crafted IP fragments. Various vulnerabilities in IP fragmentation have been discovered and fixed over the years. The current vulnerability (CVE-2018-5391) became exploitable in the Linux kernel with the increase of the IP fragment reassembly queue size.

Palantir Gotham versions prior to 3.22.11.2 included an unauthenticated endpoint that would have allowed an attacker to exhaust the memory of the Gotham dispatch service.

Vault and Vault Enterprise (“Vault”) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]  which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0.

MediaWiki before 1.19.4 and 1.20.x before 1.20.3 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) by sending a specially crafted request.

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 11.10 before 18.4.6, 18.5 before 18.5.4, and 18.6 before 18.6.2 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to create a denial of service condition by sending crafted GraphQL queries that bypass query complexity limits.