Access control failure means that an application does not effectively check user access permissions, so that unauthorized users can access system data beyond their permissions, such as viewing and modifying configuration information.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerabilities allow attackers to exploit a user's authenticated session to forge cross-site requests, inducing the execution of unintended operations such as tampering with configuration data.

An insecure password scheme refers to vulnerabilities arising from improper selection of encryption algorithms, inadequate key management, or flawed code implementation, which may lead to data leakage or tampering, such as hard-coded keys or the use of weak encryption algorithms.

Attackers carefully craft malicious scripts, such as JavaScript, and inject them into target systems; when other users access pages containing such malicious content, the scripts are automatically loaded and executed in the victim's browser.Attackers can thereby steal user cookies, hijack session privileges, and tamper with page content.Since the malicious code is stored within the system, the attack scope is broad and the concealment is strong, making it frequently employed for data theft attacks.

This vulnerability stems from a business logic flaw.Attackers can exploit legitimate application functions in unintended and abnormal ways, deviating from the designer's expectations, to carry out malicious attacks.