Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Pulsar Broker's Rest Producer allows authenticated user with a custom HTTP header to produce a message to any topic using the broker's admin role. This issue affects Apache Pulsar Brokers: from 2.9.0 through 2.9.5, from 2.10.0 before 2.10.4, 2.11.0. The vulnerability is exploitable when an attacker can connect directly to the Pulsar Broker. If an attacker is connecting through the Pulsar Proxy, there is no known way to exploit this authorization vulnerability. There are two known risks for affected users. First, an attacker could produce garbage messages to any topic in the cluster. Second, an attacker could produce messages to the topic level policies topic for other tenants and influence topic settings that could lead to exfiltration and/or deletion of messages for other tenants. 2.8 Pulsar Broker users and earlier are unaffected. 2.9 Pulsar Broker users should upgrade to one of the patched versions. 2.10 Pulsar Broker users should upgrade to at least 2.10.4. 2.11 Pulsar Broker users should upgrade to at least 2.11.1. 3.0 Pulsar Broker users are unaffected.

Code injection in SQL code generation in Apache Flink 1.15.0 through 1.20.x and 2.0.0 through 2.x allows authenticated users with query submission privileges to execute arbitrary code on TaskManagers via maliciously crafted SQL queries. The vulnerability affects JSON functions (1.15.0+) and LIKE expressions with ESCAPE clauses (1.17.0+). User-controlled strings are interpolated into generated Java code without proper escaping, allowing attackers to break out of string literals and inject arbitrary expressions. Users are recommended to upgrade to either version 1.20.4, 2.0.2, 2.1.2 or 2.2.1, which fixes this issue.

Apache Airflow versions 3.1.0 through 3.1.7 missing authorization vulnerability in the Execution API's Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) endpoints that allows any authenticated task instance to read, approve, or reject HITL workflows belonging to any other task instance. Users are recommended to upgrade to Apache Airflow 3.1.8 or later, which resolves this issue.

Low-privileged authenticated Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Apache Syncope via Connectors and Resources check. This issue affects Apache Syncope: from 3.0.0-M0 through 3.0.16, from 4.0.0-M0 Through 4.0.6, from 4.1.0-M0 through 4.1.1. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.0.7 / 4.1.2, which fix this issue.

In the Apache Airflow FAB auth manager, a DAG whose `dag_id` is `DAGs` collided with the global all-DAGs permission resource name produced by `resource_name()`, so a user granted per-DAG `access_control` on that one DAG was silently granted the global all-DAGs permission (privilege escalation). The escalation triggers when a DAG named `DAGs` exists and a lower-privileged user is given per-DAG access to it, granting that user read/edit access to every DAG. Users are advised to upgrade to `apache-airflow-providers-fab` 3.7.2 or later, which disambiguates the resource-name collision.

A boolean-based SQL Injection vulnerability exists in Apache Fineract's Client Search API (GET /api/v1/clients) in versions up to and including 1.14.0. The orderBy and sortOrder request parameters are concatenated into a SQL query without sufficient validation, allowing an authenticated user with permission to view clients to inject arbitrary SQL via a crafted orderBy value. This can be leveraged to perform blind boolean-based data extraction and, on MySQL/MariaDB, to disclose arbitrary files readable by the database process via the LOAD_FILE() function. Users are recommended to upgrade to a version containing the fix

Improper Authorization vulnerability in Apache ActiveMQ. An authenticated low-privilege Web Console user by default can access /admin/* paths in the Web Console. The default Jetty settings incorrectly did not limit those paths to only admins. This issue affects Apache ActiveMQ: before 5.19.8, from 6.0.0 before 6.2.7. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 6.2.7 or 5.19.8, which fixes the issue.

The JwtAccessTokenValidator class in Apache CXF fails to validate the 'aud' (Audience) claims of incoming JWT access tokens. This allows a JWT issued for one Resource Server to be successfully replayed against a completely different Resource Server, leading to Token Confusion/Routing attacks. Users are recommended to upgrade to versions 4.2.2 or 4.1.7, which fixes this issue.

Improper Authentication vulnerability in Apache APISIX. When the cas-auth plugin is used in a route, an attacker can possibly authenticate itself with credentials from a different source. This issue affects Apache APISIX: from 3.0.0 through 3.16.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 3.17.0, which fixes the issue.

Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in Apache DolphinScheduler allows authenticated users with system login permissions to use tenants that are not defined on the platform during workflow execution. This issue affects Apache DolphinScheduler versions prior to 3.4.1.  Users are recommended to upgrade to version 3.4.1, which fixes this issue.

Improper authentication of an HTTP endpoint in the S3 Gateway of Apache Ozone 1.4.0 allows any authenticated Kerberos user to revoke and regenerate the S3 secrets of any other user. This is only possible if: * ozone.s3g.secret.http.enabled is set to true. The default value of this configuration is false. * The user configured in ozone.s3g.kerberos.principal is also configured in ozone.s3.administrators or ozone.administrators. Users are recommended to upgrade to Apache Ozone version 1.4.1 which disables the affected endpoint.

Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in Apache APISIX. An attacker can capitalise on authz-casdoor plugin under default configuration to authenticate themselves with credentials from a different source. This issue affects Apache APISIX: from 2.14.1 through 3.16.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 3.17.0, which fixes the issue.

In the course of work on the open source project it was discovered that authenticated users running queries against Hive and Presto database engines could access information via a number of templated fields including the contents of query description metadata database, the hashed version of the authenticated users’ password, and access to connection information including the plaintext password for the current connection. It would also be possible to run arbitrary methods on the database connection object for the Presto or Hive connection, allowing the user to bypass security controls internal to Superset. This vulnerability is present in every Apache Superset version < 0.37.2.

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Fineract. Authorized users with limited permissions can gain access to server and may be able to use server for any outbound traffic.  This issue affects Apache Fineract: from 1.4 through 1.8.3.

** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') vulnerability in Apache Submarine Server Core. This issue affects Apache Submarine Server Core: all versions. As this project is retired, we do not plan to release a version that fixes this issue. Users are recommended to find an alternative or restrict access to the instance to trusted users. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.

(Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere), (Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key) vulnerability in Apache Camel K. Authorized users in a Kubernetes namespace can create a Build resource, controlling the Pod generation in a namespace of their choice, including the operator namespace. This issue affects Apache Camel K: from 2.0.0 before 2.8.1, from 2.9.0 before 2.9.2, from 2.10.0 before 2.10.1. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.10.1 (or 2.8.1 or 2.9.2), which fixes the issue.

The CloudStack Backup plugin has an improper access logic in versions 4.21.0.0 and 4.22.0.0. Anyone with authenticated user-account access in CloudStack 4.21.0.0+ environments, where this plugin is enabled and have access to specific APIs can restore a volume from any other user's backups and attach the volume to their own VMs. Backup plugin users using CloudStack 4.21.0.0+ are recommended to upgrade to CloudStack version 4.22.0.1, which fixes this issue.

In Apache Airflow, prior to version 2.4.1, deactivating a user wouldn't prevent an already authenticated user from being able to continue using the UI or API.

Apache Doris MCP Server contains a SQL injection vulnerability in a metadata query path. A user-controlled database name is directly interpolated into a SQL query, and the query is executed without passing the caller's authorization context. This may allow an authenticated attacker, or an anonymous attacker if authentication is disabled, to bypass SQL security validation and access metadata outside the intended database scope. Affected users are recommended to upgrade to Doris version 0.6.1 or later, which fixes the issue.

Apache Airflow, versions 2.8.0 through 2.8.2, has a vulnerability that allows an authenticated user with limited permissions to access resources such as variables, connections, etc from the UI which they do not have permission to access.  Users of Apache Airflow are recommended to upgrade to version 2.8.3 or newer to mitigate the risk associated with this vulnerability

A user with a legitimate non-administrator account can exploit a vulnerability in the user ID creation mechanism in Apache StreamPipes that allows them to swap the username of an existing user with that of an administrator.  This vulnerability allows an attacker to gain administrative control over the application by manipulating JWT tokens, which can lead to data tampering, unauthorized access and other security issues. This issue affects Apache StreamPipes: through 0.97.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.98.0, which fixes the issue.

File read and write vulnerability in Apache DolphinScheduler ,  authenticated users can illegally access additional resource files. This issue affects Apache DolphinScheduler: from 3.1.0 before 3.2.2. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 3.2.2, which fixes the issue.

Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Apache Fineract. This issue affects Apache Fineract: through 1.11.0. The issue is fixed in version 1.12.1. Users are encouraged to upgrade to version 1.13.0, the latest release.

When an Apache CloudStack user-account creates a CKS-based Kubernetes cluster in a project, the API key and the secret key of the 'kubeadmin' user of the caller account are used to create the secret config in the CKS-based Kubernetes cluster. A member of the project who can access the CKS-based Kubernetes cluster, can also access the API key and secret key of the 'kubeadmin' user of the CKS cluster's creator's account. An attacker who's a member of the project can exploit this to impersonate and perform privileged actions that can result in complete compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of resources owned by the creator's account. CKS users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.19.3.0 or 4.20.1.0, which fixes this issue.Updating Existing Kubernetes Clusters in ProjectsA service account should be created for each project to provide limited access specifically for Kubernetes cluster providers and autoscaling. Follow the steps below to create a new service account, update the secret inside the cluster, and regenerate existing API and service keys:1. Create a New Service AccountCreate a new account using the role "Project Kubernetes Service Role" with the following details: Account Name kubeadmin-<FIRST_EIGHT_CHARACTERS_OF_PROJECT_ID> First Name Kubernetes Last Name Service User Account Type 0 (Normal User) Role ID <ID_OF_SERVICE_ROLE> 2. Add the Service Account to the ProjectAdd this account to the project where the Kubernetes cluster(s) are hosted. 3. Generate API and Secret KeysGenerate API Key and Secret Key for the default user of this account. 4. Update the CloudStack Secret in the Kubernetes ClusterCreate a temporary file `/tmp/cloud-config` with the following data:    api-url = <API_URL>     # For example: <MS_URL>/client/api   api-key = <SERVICE_USER_API_KEY>   secret-key = <SERVICE_USER_SECRET_KEY>   project-id = <PROJECT_ID> Delete the existing secret using kubectl and Kubernetes cluster config:    ./kubectl --kubeconfig kube.conf -n kube-system delete secret cloudstack-secret Create a new secret using kubectl and Kubernetes cluster config:     ./kubectl --kubeconfig kube.conf -n kube-system create secret generic cloudstack-secret --from-file=/tmp/cloud-config Remove the temporary file:     rm /tmp/cloud-config5. Regenerate API and Secret KeysRegenerate the API and secret keys for the original user account that was used to create the Kubernetes cluster.

Insufficient Session Expiration vulnerability in Apache Airflow Fab Provider. This issue affects Apache Airflow Fab Provider: before 1.5.2. When user password has been changed with admin CLI, the sessions for that user have not been cleared, leading to insufficient session expiration, thus logged users could continue to be logged in even after the password was changed. This only happened when the password was changed with CLI. The problem does not happen in case change was done with webserver thus this is different from  CVE-2023-40273 https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-pm87-24wq-r8w9  which was addressed in Apache-Airflow 2.7.0 Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.5.2, which fixes the issue.

Insecure Default Initialization of Resource vulnerability in Apache Solr. New ConfigSets that are created via a Restore command, which copy a configSet from the backup and give it a new name, are created without setting the "trusted" metadata. ConfigSets that do not contain the flag are trusted implicitly if the metadata is missing, therefore this leads to "trusted" ConfigSets that may not have been created with an Authenticated request. "trusted" ConfigSets are able to load custom code into classloaders, therefore the flag is supposed to only be set when the request that uploads the ConfigSet is Authenticated & Authorized. This issue affects Apache Solr: from 6.6.0 before 8.11.4, from 9.0.0 before 9.7.0. This issue does not affect Solr instances that are secured via Authentication/Authorization. Users are primarily recommended to use Authentication and Authorization when running Solr. However, upgrading to version 9.7.0, or 8.11.4 will mitigate this issue otherwise.

Improper Input Validation, Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Apache ActiveMQ Broker, Apache ActiveMQ All, Apache ActiveMQ. Apache ActiveMQ Classic exposes the Jolokia JMX-HTTP bridge at /api/jolokia/ on the web console. The default Jolokia access policy permits exec operations on all ActiveMQ MBeans (org.apache.activemq:*), including BrokerService.addNetworkConnector(String). An authenticated attacker can invoke these operations with a crafted discovery URI that triggers the VM transport's brokerConfig parameter using the "masterslave:// " URL which can allow loading a Spring XML application context using ResourceXmlApplicationContext. Because Spring's ResourceXmlApplicationContext instantiates all singleton beans before the BrokerService validates the configuration, arbitrary code execution occurs on the broker's JVM through bean factory methods such as Runtime.exec(). This issue affects Apache ActiveMQ Broker: before 5.19.7, from 6.0.0 before 6.2.6; Apache ActiveMQ All: before 5.19.7, from 6.0.0 before 6.2.6; Apache ActiveMQ: before 5.19.7, from 6.0.0 before 6.2.6. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 5.19.7 or 6.2.6, which fixes the issue.

Apache Airflow versions before 2.9.3 have a vulnerability that allows an authenticated attacker to inject a malicious link when installing a provider. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.9.3, which fixes this issue.

Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in Apache OFBiz. This issue affects Apache OFBiz: through 18.12.14. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 18.12.15, which fixes the issue. Unauthenticated endpoints could allow execution of screen rendering code of screens if some preconditions are met (such as when the screen definitions don't explicitly check user's permissions because they rely on the configuration of their endpoints).

Description: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Apache Atlas Apache Atlas exposes a DSL search endpoint that accepts user-supplied query strings. Attacker can alter Gremlin traversal logic within grammar-allowed characters to access unintended data Affect Version: This issue affects Apache Atlas: from 0.8 through 2.4.0. For the affect version >= 2.0, vulnerability is only when Atlas is deployed with below non-default configuration. atlas.dsl.executor.traversal=false Mitigation: Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.5.0, which fixes the issue.

In streampark-console the list pages(e.g: application pages), users can sort page by field. This sort field is sent from the front-end to the back-end, and the SQL query is generated using this field. However, because this sort field isn't validated, there is a risk of SQL injection vulnerability. The attacker must successfully log into the system to launch an attack, which may cause data leakage. Since no data will be written, so this is a low-impact vulnerability. Mitigation: all users should upgrade to 2.1.4, Such parameters will be blocked.

Missing MinIO policy cleanup on bucket deletion via Apache CloudStack allows users to retain access to buckets which they previously owned. If another user creates a new bucket with the same name, the previous owners can gain unauthorized read and write access to it by using the previously generated access and secret keys. Users are recommended to upgrade to Apache CloudStack versions 4.20.3.0 or 4.22.0.1, or later, which fixes this issue.

The example example_xcom that was included in airflow documentation implemented unsafe pattern of reading value from xcom in the way that could be exploited to allow UI user who had access to modify XComs to perform arbitrary execution of code on the worker. Since the UI users are already highly trusted, this is a Low severity vulnerability. It does not affect Airflow release - example_dags are not supposed to be enabled in production environment, however users following the example could replicate the bad pattern. Documentation of Airflow 3.2.0 contains version of the example with improved resiliance for that case. Users who followed that pattern are advised to adjust their implementations accordingly.

In Apache Impala (incubating) before 2.10.0, a malicious user with "ALTER" permissions on an Impala table can access any other Kudu table data by altering the table properties to make it "external" and then changing the underlying table mapping to point to other Kudu tables. This violates and works around the authorization requirement that creating a Kudu external table via Impala requires an "ALL" privilege at the server scope. This privilege requirement for "CREATE" commands is enforced to precisely avoid this scenario where a malicious user can change the underlying Kudu table mapping. The fix is to enforce the same privilege requirement for "ALTER" commands that would make existing non-external Kudu tables external.

In Apache Airflow prior to 2.3.4, an insecure umask was configured for numerous Airflow components when running with the `--daemon` flag which could result in a race condition giving world-writable files in the Airflow home directory and allowing local users to expose arbitrary file contents via the webserver.

In Apache Ozone before 1.2.0, Ozone Datanode doesn't check the access mode parameter of the block token. Authenticated users with valid READ block token can do any write operation on the same block.

Apache Struts before 2.3.1.2 allows remote attackers to bypass security protections in the ParameterInterceptor class and execute arbitrary commands.

In Apache Impala before 3.0.1, ALTER TABLE/VIEW RENAME required ALTER on the old table. This may pose a potential security risk, such as having ALTER on a table and ALL on a particular database allows a user to move the table to a database with ALL, which will automatically grant that user with ALL privilege on that table due to the privilege inherited from the database.

In Apache Iceberg, the table's metadata files are control files: they tell readers which data files belong to the table and which table version to read. `write.metadata.path` is an optional table property that tells Polaris where to write those metadata files. For a table already registered in a Polaris-managed catalog, changing only that property through an `ALTER TABLE`-style settings change (not a row-level `INSERT`, `SELECT`, `UPDATE`, or `DELETE`) bypasses the commit-time branch that is supposed to revalidate storage locations. The full persisted / credential-vending variant requires the affected catalog to have `polaris.config.allow.unstructured.table.location=true`, with `allowedLocations` broad enough to include the attacker-chosen target. `allowedLocations` is the admin-configured allowlist of storage paths that the catalog is allowed to use. Public project materials suggest that this flag is a real supported compatibility / layout mode, not just a contrived lab-only prerequisite. In that configuration, a user who can change table settings can cause Apache Polaris itself to write new table metadata to an attacker-chosen reachable storage location before the intended location-validation branch runs. If the later concrete-path validation also accepts that location, Polaris persists the resulting metadata path into stored table state. Later table-load and credential APIs can then return temporary cloud-storage credentials for the same location without revalidating it. In plain terms, Polaris can later hand out temporary storage access for the same attacker-chosen area. That attacker-chosen area does not need to be limited to the poisoned table's own files. If it is a broader storage prefix, another table's prefix, or, depending on configuration or provider behavior, even a bucket/container root, the resulting disclosure or corruption scope can extend to any data and metadata Polaris can reach there. The practical consequences are therefore similar to the staged-create credential-vending issue already discussed: data and metadata reachable in that storage scope can be exposed and, if write-capable credentials are later issued, modified, corrupted, or removed. Even before that later credential step, Polaris itself performs the metadata write to the unchecked location. So the core issue is not only later credential vending. The primary defect is that Polaris skips its intended location checks before performing a security- sensitive metadata write when only `write.metadata.path` changes. When `polaris.config.allow.unstructured.table.location=false`, current code review suggests the later `updateTableLike(...)` validation usually rejects out-of-tree metadata locations before the unsafe path is persisted. That may reduce the persisted / credential-vending variant, but it does not prevent the underlying defect: Polaris still skips the intended pre-write location check when only `write.metadata.path` changes.

Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource, Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources vulnerability in Apache Solr. This issue affects Apache Solr: from 8.10.0 through 8.11.2, from 9.0.0 before 9.3.0. The Schema Designer was introduced to allow users to more easily configure and test new Schemas and configSets. However, when the feature was created, the "trust" (authentication) of these configSets was not considered. External library loading is only available to configSets that are "trusted" (created by authenticated users), thus non-authenticated users are unable to perform Remote Code Execution. Since the Schema Designer loaded configSets without taking their "trust" into account, configSets that were created by unauthenticated users were allowed to load external libraries when used in the Schema Designer. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 9.3.0, which fixes the issue.

Apache Airflow versions 3.1.0 through 3.1.7 /ui/dependencies endpoint returns the full DAG dependency graph without filtering by authorized DAG IDs. This allows an authenticated user with only DAG Dependencies permission to enumerate DAGs they are not authorized to view. Users are recommended to upgrade to Apache Airflow 3.1.8 or later, which resolves this issue.

Apache Airflow versions 3.0.0 through 3.1.7 FastAPI DagVersion listing API does not apply per-DAG authorization filtering when the request is made with dag_id set to "~" (wildcard for all DAGs). As a result, version metadata of DAGs that the requester is not authorized to access is returned. Users are recommended to upgrade to Apache Airflow 3.1.8 or later, which resolves this issue.

When ORT (now via atstccfg) generates ip_allow.config files in Apache Traffic Control 3.0.0 to 3.1.0 and 4.0.0 to 4.1.0, those files include permissions that allow bad actors to push arbitrary content into and remove arbitrary content from CDN cache servers. Additionally, these permissions are potentially extended to IP addresses outside the desired range, resulting in them being granted to clients possibly outside the CDN arcitechture.

In JUnit4 from version 4.7 and before 4.13.1, the test rule TemporaryFolder contains a local information disclosure vulnerability. On Unix like systems, the system's temporary directory is shared between all users on that system. Because of this, when files and directories are written into this directory they are, by default, readable by other users on that same system. This vulnerability does not allow other users to overwrite the contents of these directories or files. This is purely an information disclosure vulnerability. This vulnerability impacts you if the JUnit tests write sensitive information, like API keys or passwords, into the temporary folder, and the JUnit tests execute in an environment where the OS has other untrusted users. Because certain JDK file system APIs were only added in JDK 1.7, this this fix is dependent upon the version of the JDK you are using. For Java 1.7 and higher users: this vulnerability is fixed in 4.13.1. For Java 1.6 and lower users: no patch is available, you must use the workaround below. If you are unable to patch, or are stuck running on Java 1.6, specifying the `java.io.tmpdir` system environment variable to a directory that is exclusively owned by the executing user will fix this vulnerability. For more information, including an example of vulnerable code, see the referenced GitHub Security Advisory.

In Apache Hadoop versions 2.6.1 to 2.6.5, 2.7.0 to 2.7.3, and 3.0.0-alpha1, if a file in an encryption zone with access permissions that make it world readable is localized via YARN's localization mechanism, that file will be stored in a world-readable location and can be shared freely with any application that requests to localize that file.

Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource vulnerability in Apache APISIX(java-plugin-runner). Local listening file permissions in APISIX plugin runner allow a local attacker to elevate privileges. This issue affects Apache APISIX(java-plugin-runner): from 0.2.0 through 0.5.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 0.6.0 or higher, which fixes the issue.

Apache ShenYu Admin has insecure permissions, which may allow low-privilege administrators to modify high-privilege administrator's passwords. This issue affects Apache ShenYu 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.

Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource Vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache InLong.This issue affects Apache InLong: from 1.2.0 through 1.6.0.  The attacker can bind any cluster, even if he is not the cluster owner. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache InLong's 1.7.0 or cherry-pick [1] to solve it.[1] https://github.com/apache/inlong/pull/7947 https://github.com/apache/inlong/pull/7947

Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource Vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache InLong.This issue affects Apache InLong: from 1.2.0 through 1.6.0. The attacker can delete others' subscriptions, even if they are not the owner of the deleted subscription. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache InLong's 1.7.0 or cherry-pick [1] to solve it. [1] https://github.com/apache/inlong/pull/7949 https://github.com/apache/inlong/pull/7949

When running Apache Cassandra with the following configuration: enable_user_defined_functions: true enable_scripted_user_defined_functions: true enable_user_defined_functions_threads: false it is possible for an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the host. The attacker would need to have enough permissions to create user defined functions in the cluster to be able to exploit this. Note that this configuration is documented as unsafe, and will continue to be considered unsafe after this CVE.