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Vulnerability Details :

CVE-2025-31222

Summary
Assigner-apple
Assigner Org ID-286789f9-fbc2-4510-9f9a-43facdede74c
Published At-12 May, 2025 | 21:42
Updated At-03 Nov, 2025 | 19:50
Rejected At-
Credits

A correctness issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in watchOS 11.5, macOS Sonoma 14.7.6, tvOS 18.5, iOS 18.5 and iPadOS 18.5, macOS Sequoia 15.5, visionOS 2.5, macOS Ventura 13.7.6. A user may be able to elevate privileges.

Vendors
-
Not available
Products
-
Metrics (CVSS)
VersionBase scoreBase severityVector
Weaknesses
Attack Patterns
Solution/Workaround
References
HyperlinkResource Type
EPSS History
Score
Latest Score
-
N/A
No data available for selected date range
Percentile
Latest Percentile
-
N/A
No data available for selected date range
Stakeholder-Specific Vulnerability Categorization (SSVC)
▼Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)
cve.org
Assigner:apple
Assigner Org ID:286789f9-fbc2-4510-9f9a-43facdede74c
Published At:12 May, 2025 | 21:42
Updated At:03 Nov, 2025 | 19:50
Rejected At:
▼CVE Numbering Authority (CNA)

A correctness issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in watchOS 11.5, macOS Sonoma 14.7.6, tvOS 18.5, iOS 18.5 and iPadOS 18.5, macOS Sequoia 15.5, visionOS 2.5, macOS Ventura 13.7.6. A user may be able to elevate privileges.

Affected Products
Vendor
Apple Inc.Apple
Product
tvOS
Versions
Affected
  • From unspecified before 18.5 (custom)
Vendor
Apple Inc.Apple
Product
macOS
Versions
Affected
  • From unspecified before 15.5 (custom)
Vendor
Apple Inc.Apple
Product
iOS and iPadOS
Versions
Affected
  • From unspecified before 18.5 (custom)
Vendor
Apple Inc.Apple
Product
macOS
Versions
Affected
  • From unspecified before 14.7 (custom)
Vendor
Apple Inc.Apple
Product
visionOS
Versions
Affected
  • From unspecified before 2.5 (custom)
Vendor
Apple Inc.Apple
Product
watchOS
Versions
Affected
  • From unspecified before 11.5 (custom)
Vendor
Apple Inc.Apple
Product
macOS
Versions
Affected
  • From unspecified before 13.7 (custom)
Problem Types
TypeCWE IDDescription
N/AN/AA user may be able to elevate privileges
Type: N/A
CWE ID: N/A
Description: A user may be able to elevate privileges
Metrics
VersionBase scoreBase severityVector
Metrics Other Info
Impacts
CAPEC IDDescription
Solutions

Configurations

Workarounds

Exploits

Credits

Timeline
EventDate
Replaced By

Rejected Reason

References
HyperlinkResource
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122720
N/A
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122716
N/A
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122404
N/A
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122717
N/A
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122721
N/A
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122722
N/A
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122718
N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122720
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122716
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122404
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122717
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122721
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122722
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122718
Resource: N/A
▼Authorized Data Publishers (ADP)
1. CISA ADP Vulnrichment
Affected Products
Problem Types
TypeCWE IDDescription
CWECWE-269CWE-269 Improper Privilege Management
Type: CWE
CWE ID: CWE-269
Description: CWE-269 Improper Privilege Management
Metrics
VersionBase scoreBase severityVector
3.17.8HIGH
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Version: 3.1
Base score: 7.8
Base severity: HIGH
Vector:
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Metrics Other Info
Impacts
CAPEC IDDescription
Solutions

Configurations

Workarounds

Exploits

Credits

Timeline
EventDate
Replaced By

Rejected Reason

References
HyperlinkResource
2. CVE Program Container
Affected Products
Metrics
VersionBase scoreBase severityVector
Metrics Other Info
Impacts
CAPEC IDDescription
Solutions

Configurations

Workarounds

Exploits

Credits

Timeline
EventDate
Replaced By

Rejected Reason

References
HyperlinkResource
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/12
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/10
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/9
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/8
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/7
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/5
N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/12
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/10
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/9
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/8
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/7
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/5
Resource: N/A
Information is not available yet
▼National Vulnerability Database (NVD)
nvd.nist.gov
Source:product-security@apple.com
Published At:12 May, 2025 | 22:15
Updated At:03 Nov, 2025 | 20:18

A correctness issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in watchOS 11.5, macOS Sonoma 14.7.6, tvOS 18.5, iOS 18.5 and iPadOS 18.5, macOS Sequoia 15.5, visionOS 2.5, macOS Ventura 13.7.6. A user may be able to elevate privileges.

CISA Catalog
Date AddedDue DateVulnerability NameRequired Action
N/A
Date Added: N/A
Due Date: N/A
Vulnerability Name: N/A
Required Action: N/A
Metrics
TypeVersionBase scoreBase severityVector
Secondary3.17.8HIGH
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Type: Secondary
Version: 3.1
Base score: 7.8
Base severity: HIGH
Vector:
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CPE Matches

Apple Inc.
apple
>>ipados>>Versions before 18.5(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:ipados:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Apple Inc.
apple
>>iphone_os>>Versions before 18.5(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:iphone_os:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Apple Inc.
apple
>>macos>>Versions before 13.7.6(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Apple Inc.
apple
>>macos>>Versions from 14.0(inclusive) to 14.7.6(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Apple Inc.
apple
>>macos>>Versions from 15.0(inclusive) to 15.5(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:macos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Apple Inc.
apple
>>tvos>>Versions before 18.5(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:tvos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Apple Inc.
apple
>>visionos>>Versions before 2.5(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:visionos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Apple Inc.
apple
>>watchos>>Versions before 11.5(exclusive)
cpe:2.3:o:apple:watchos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Weaknesses
CWE IDTypeSource
CWE-269Secondary134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0
CWE ID: CWE-269
Type: Secondary
Source: 134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0
Evaluator Description

Evaluator Impact

Evaluator Solution

Vendor Statements

References
HyperlinkSourceResource
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122404product-security@apple.com
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122716product-security@apple.com
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122717product-security@apple.com
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122718product-security@apple.com
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122720product-security@apple.com
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122721product-security@apple.com
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
https://support.apple.com/en-us/122722product-security@apple.com
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/10af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/12af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/5af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/7af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/8af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
N/A
http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/9af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
N/A
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122404
Source: product-security@apple.com
Resource:
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122716
Source: product-security@apple.com
Resource:
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122717
Source: product-security@apple.com
Resource:
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122718
Source: product-security@apple.com
Resource:
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122720
Source: product-security@apple.com
Resource:
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122721
Source: product-security@apple.com
Resource:
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
Hyperlink: https://support.apple.com/en-us/122722
Source: product-security@apple.com
Resource:
Release Notes
Vendor Advisory
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/10
Source: af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/12
Source: af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/5
Source: af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/7
Source: af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/8
Source: af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
Resource: N/A
Hyperlink: http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/May/9
Source: af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108
Resource: N/A

Change History

0
Information is not available yet

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EPSS-0.25% / 47.76%
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EPSS-0.32% / 54.63%
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EPSS-0.25% / 47.95%
||
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KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

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Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
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CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.07% / 21.04%
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7 Day CHG~0.00%
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Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
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Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
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Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.59% / 68.71%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
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Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
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EPSS-0.19% / 40.68%
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Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.36% / 57.70%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-08 Sep, 2021 | 14:26
Updated-03 Aug, 2024 | 22:40
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

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CVE-2020-24556
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Trend Micro, Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Trend Micro, Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.17% / 38.30%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-01 Sep, 2020 | 18:55
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 15:12
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A vulnerability in Trend Micro Apex One, OfficeScan XG SP1, Worry-Free Business Security 10 SP1 and Worry-Free Business Security Services on Microsoft Windows may allow an attacker to create a hard link to any file on the system, which then could be manipulated to gain a privilege escalation and code execution. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. Please note that version 1909 (OS Build 18363.719) of Microsoft Windows 10 mitigates hard links, but previous versions are affected.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.Microsoft CorporationTrend Micro Incorporated
Product-worry-free_business_security_servicesworry-free_business_securityapex_onewindowsmacosTrend Micro Apex OneTrend Micro OfficeScanTrend Micro Worry-Free Business Security
CWE ID-CWE-59
Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
CVE-2020-24559
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Trend Micro, Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Trend Micro, Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.17% / 38.66%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-01 Sep, 2020 | 18:55
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 15:19
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A vulnerability in Trend Micro Apex One, Worry-Free Business Security 10.0 SP1 and Worry-Free Business Security Services on macOS may allow an attacker to manipulate a certain binary to load and run a script from a user-writable folder, which then would allow them to execute arbitrary code as root. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.Microsoft CorporationTrend Micro Incorporated
Product-worry-free_business_security_servicesworry-free_business_securityofficescanapex_onewindowsmacosTrend Micro Apex OneTrend Micro Worry-Free Business Security
CWE ID-CWE-59
Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
CVE-2019-8701
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.13% / 32.68%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-18 Dec, 2019 | 17:33
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 21:24
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Catalina 10.15. An application may be able to execute arbitrary code with system privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xmacOS
CWE ID-CWE-787
Out-of-bounds Write
CVE-2024-46060
Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.03% / 6.42%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-17 Dec, 2025 | 00:00
Updated-05 Jan, 2026 | 14:42
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

Anaconda3 macOS installers before 2024.06-1 contain a local privilege escalation vulnerability when installed outside the user's home directory. During installation, world-writable files are created and executed with root privileges. This allows a local low-privileged user to inject arbitrary commands, leading to code execution as the root user.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-anacondan/aApple Inc.
Product-macosanaconda3n/a
CWE ID-CWE-732
Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
CWE ID-CWE-77
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
CVE-2024-44307
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.19% / 41.33%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-19 Nov, 2024 | 23:43
Updated-11 Dec, 2024 | 20:32
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A buffer overflow issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.6. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-macosmacOSmacos
CWE ID-CWE-120
Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
CVE-2024-44238
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.01% / 2.46%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-16 Jan, 2026 | 17:06
Updated-27 Jan, 2026 | 20:24
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

The issue was addressed with improved bounds checks. This issue is fixed in iOS 18.1 and iPadOS 18.1. An app may be able to corrupt coprocessor memory.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-ipadosiphone_osiOS and iPadOS
CWE ID-CWE-119
Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
CVE-2024-44306
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.19% / 41.33%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-19 Nov, 2024 | 23:43
Updated-11 Dec, 2024 | 20:34
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A buffer overflow issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.6. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-macosmacOSmacos
CWE ID-CWE-120
Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
CVE-2024-44193
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-8.4||HIGH
EPSS-2.53% / 85.11%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-02 Oct, 2024 | 14:24
Updated-13 Mar, 2025 | 16:15
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A logic issue was addressed with improved restrictions. This issue is fixed in iTunes 12.13.3 for Windows. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-itunesiTunes for Windowsitunes
CWE ID-CWE-281
Improper Preservation of Permissions
CVE-2025-8672
Matching Score-8
Assigner-CERT.PL
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-CERT.PL
CVSS Score-4.8||MEDIUM
EPSS-0.02% / 4.60%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-11 Aug, 2025 | 12:21
Updated-12 Sep, 2025 | 14:53
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available
TCC Bypass via Inherited Permissions in Bundled Interpreter in GIMP.app

MacOS version of GIMP bundles a Python interpreter that inherits the Transparency, Consent, and Control (TCC) permissions granted by the user to the main application bundle. An attacker with local user access can invoke this interpreter with arbitrary commands or scripts, leveraging the application's previously granted TCC permissions to access user's files in privacy-protected folders without triggering user prompts. Accessing other resources beyond previously granted TCC permissions will prompt the user for approval in the name of GIMP, potentially disguising attacker's malicious intent. This issue has been fixed in 3.1.4.2 version of GIMP.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.GIMP
Product-macosgimpGIMP
CWE ID-CWE-276
Incorrect Default Permissions
CVE-2020-24425
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Adobe Systems Incorporated
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Adobe Systems Incorporated
CVSS Score-7.5||HIGH
EPSS-0.23% / 45.75%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-21 Oct, 2020 | 20:07
Updated-16 Sep, 2024 | 23:56
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available
Privilege escalation vulnerability in Dreamweaver version 20.2

Dreamweaver version 20.2 (and earlier) is affected by an uncontrolled search path element vulnerability that could lead to privilege escalation. Successful exploitation could result in a local user with permissions to write to the file system running system commands with administrator privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.Microsoft CorporationAdobe Inc.
Product-windowsmacosdreamweaverDreamweaver
CWE ID-CWE-427
Uncontrolled Search Path Element
CVE-2024-40771
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-8.4||HIGH
EPSS-0.06% / 19.34%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-15 Jan, 2025 | 19:35
Updated-14 Mar, 2025 | 13:43
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.5, iOS 16.7.8 and iPadOS 16.7.8, iOS 17.5 and iPadOS 17.5, macOS Monterey 12.7.5, watchOS 10.5, tvOS 17.5, macOS Ventura 13.6.7, visionOS 1.2. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-tvosmacosiphone_osvisionosipadosvisionOStvOSiOS and iPadOSmacOSwatchOS
CWE ID-CWE-863
Incorrect Authorization
CVE-2024-40809
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.02% / 5.83%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-29 Jul, 2024 | 22:17
Updated-04 Nov, 2025 | 18:16
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in iOS 16.7.9 and iPadOS 16.7.9, macOS Ventura 13.6.8, macOS Monterey 12.7.6, iOS 17.6 and iPadOS 17.6, watchOS 10.6, visionOS 1.3, macOS Sonoma 14.6. A shortcut may be able to bypass Internet permission requirements.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-watchosipadosmacosvisionosiphone_oswatchOSiOS and iPadOSvisionOSmacOS
CVE-2024-40812
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.02% / 4.47%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-29 Jul, 2024 | 22:17
Updated-04 Nov, 2025 | 18:16
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in iOS 16.7.9 and iPadOS 16.7.9, macOS Ventura 13.6.8, macOS Monterey 12.7.6, iOS 17.6 and iPadOS 17.6, watchOS 10.6, visionOS 1.3, macOS Sonoma 14.6. A shortcut may be able to bypass Internet permission requirements.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-watchosipadosmacosvisionosiphone_oswatchOSiOS and iPadOSvisionOSmacOS
CWE ID-CWE-284
Improper Access Control
CVE-2019-14868
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Red Hat, Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Red Hat, Inc.
CVSS Score-7.4||HIGH
EPSS-0.20% / 42.34%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-02 Apr, 2020 | 16:48
Updated-05 Aug, 2024 | 00:26
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

In ksh version 20120801, a flaw was found in the way it evaluates certain environment variables. An attacker could use this flaw to override or bypass environment restrictions to execute shell commands. Services and applications that allow remote unauthenticated attackers to provide one of those environment variables could allow them to exploit this issue remotely.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-ksh_projectKornShellDebian GNU/LinuxApple Inc.
Product-debian_linuxmac_os_xkshksh
CWE ID-CWE-77
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
CVE-2021-1840
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.07% / 21.04%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-08 Sep, 2021 | 14:43
Updated-03 Aug, 2024 | 16:25
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Big Sur 11.3, Security Update 2021-002 Catalina, Security Update 2021-003 Mojave. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-macosmac_os_xmacOS
CWE ID-CWE-787
Out-of-bounds Write
CVE-2021-1751
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.20% / 41.56%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-02 Apr, 2021 | 17:51
Updated-03 Aug, 2024 | 16:18
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A logic issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in macOS Big Sur 11.2, Security Update 2021-001 Catalina, Security Update 2021-001 Mojave. Mounting a maliciously crafted Samba network share may lead to arbitrary code execution.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-macosmac_os_xmacOS
CVE-2021-1757
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.23% / 45.70%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-02 Apr, 2021 | 17:53
Updated-03 Aug, 2024 | 16:18
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in macOS Big Sur 11.2, Security Update 2021-001 Catalina, Security Update 2021-001 Mojave, watchOS 7.3, tvOS 14.4, iOS 14.4 and iPadOS 14.4. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-iphone_oswatchosipadostvosmac_os_xmacosmacOSiOS and iPadOS
CWE ID-CWE-125
Out-of-bounds Read
CVE-2020-9927
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.05% / 15.20%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-22 Oct, 2020 | 18:06
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 10:43
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Catalina 10.15.6. An application may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xmacOS
CWE ID-CWE-787
Out-of-bounds Write
CVE-2020-9900
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.05% / 15.77%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-22 Oct, 2020 | 18:00
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 10:43
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

An issue existed within the path validation logic for symlinks. This issue was addressed with improved path sanitization. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.6 and iPadOS 13.6, macOS Catalina 10.15.6, tvOS 13.4.8, watchOS 6.2.8. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-iphone_oswatchostvosipadosmac_os_xtvOSmacOSwatchOSiOS
CWE ID-CWE-59
Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
CVE-2020-9901
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.05% / 15.14%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-22 Oct, 2020 | 18:03
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 10:43
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

An issue existed within the path validation logic for symlinks. This issue was addressed with improved path sanitization. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.6 and iPadOS 13.6, macOS Catalina 10.15.6, tvOS 13.4.8. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-iphone_ostvosmac_os_xipadostvOSmacOSiOS
CWE ID-CWE-59
Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
CVE-2020-9606
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Adobe Systems Incorporated
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Adobe Systems Incorporated
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.55% / 67.26%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-25 Jun, 2020 | 21:22
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 10:34
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions 2020.006.20042 and earlier, 2017.011.30166 and earlier, 2017.011.30166 and earlier, and 2015.006.30518 and earlier have an use-after-free vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution .

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.Microsoft CorporationAdobe Inc.
Product-acrobat_dcwindowsmacosacrobat_reader_dcAdobe Acrobat and Reader
CWE ID-CWE-416
Use After Free
CVE-2020-9854
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.15% / 35.18%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-22 Oct, 2020 | 17:54
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 10:43
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A logic issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.5 and iPadOS 13.5, macOS Catalina 10.15.5, tvOS 13.4.5. An application may be able to gain elevated privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-iphone_ostvosmac_os_xipadostvOSmacOSiOS
CVE-2020-9859
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.17% / 38.01%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-05 Jun, 2020 | 14:40
Updated-23 Oct, 2025 | 18:04
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available
Known KEV||Action Due Date - 2022-05-03||Apply updates per vendor instructions.

A memory consumption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.5.1 and iPadOS 13.5.1, macOS Catalina 10.15.5 Supplemental Update, tvOS 13.4.6, watchOS 6.2.6. An application may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xtvoswatchosipadosiphone_osiOStvOSwatchOSmacOSMultiple Products
CWE ID-CWE-415
Double Free
CVE-2020-9855
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.05% / 15.78%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-09 Jun, 2020 | 16:17
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 10:43
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A validation issue existed in the handling of symlinks. This issue was addressed with improved validation of symlinks. This issue is fixed in macOS Catalina 10.15.5. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xmacOS
CWE ID-CWE-20
Improper Input Validation
CVE-2020-6574
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Chrome
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Chrome
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.13% / 32.33%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-21 Sep, 2020 | 19:06
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 09:11
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

Insufficient policy enforcement in installer in Google Chrome on OS X prior to 85.0.4183.102 allowed a local attacker to potentially achieve privilege escalation via a crafted binary.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Google LLCopenSUSEApple Inc.Fedora ProjectDebian GNU/Linux
Product-debian_linuxchromefedoramac_os_xbackports_sleleapChrome
CVE-2020-6477
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Chrome
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Chrome
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.03% / 8.44%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-21 May, 2020 | 03:46
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 09:02
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

Inappropriate implementation in installer in Google Chrome on OS X prior to 83.0.4103.61 allowed a local attacker to perform privilege escalation via a crafted file.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Google LLCopenSUSEApple Inc.Fedora Project
Product-chromefedoramac_os_xbackports_sleleapChrome
CWE ID-CWE-59
Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
CVE-2022-37877
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.06% / 19.56%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-20 Sep, 2022 | 20:00
Updated-27 May, 2025 | 19:15
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A vulnerability in the ClearPass OnGuard macOS agent could allow malicious users on a macOS instance to elevate their user privileges. A successful exploit could allow these users to execute arbitrary code with root level privileges on the macOS instance in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): 6.10.x: 6.10.6 and below; 6.9.x: 6.9.11 and below. Aruba has released upgrades for Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager that address this security vulnerability.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-n/aAruba NetworksApple Inc.
Product-clearpass_policy_managermacosAruba ClearPass Policy Manager
CVE-2020-5180
Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.07% / 20.70%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-14 Jan, 2020 | 19:01
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 08:22
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

Viscosity 1.8.2 on Windows and macOS allows an unprivileged user to set a subset of OpenVPN parameters, which can be used to load a malicious library into the memory of the OpenVPN process, leading to limited local privilege escalation. (When a VPN connection is initiated using a TLS/SSL client profile, the privileges are dropped, and the library will be loaded, resulting in arbitrary code execution as a user with limited privileges. This greatly reduces the impact of the vulnerability.)

Action-Not Available
Vendor-sparklabsn/aApple Inc.Microsoft Corporation
Product-windowsmacosviscosityn/a
CVE-2020-3864
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.06% / 17.17%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-27 Oct, 2020 | 20:10
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 07:44
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A logic issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in iCloud for Windows 7.17, iTunes 12.10.4 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 10.9.2, tvOS 13.3.1, Safari 13.0.5, iOS 13.3.1 and iPadOS 13.3.1. A DOM object context may not have had a unique security origin.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Red Hat, Inc.Apple Inc.
Product-enterprise_linux_serveritunesiphone_osipadostvossafarienterprise_linux_workstationenterprise_linux_desktopicloudiTunes for WindowsiCloud for WindowsSafaritvOSiOS and iPadOS
CWE ID-CWE-346
Origin Validation Error
CVE-2020-4607
Matching Score-8
Assigner-IBM Corporation
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-IBM Corporation
CVSS Score-3.3||LOW
EPSS-0.04% / 13.37%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-29 Sep, 2020 | 13:50
Updated-17 Sep, 2024 | 01:40
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

IBM Security Secret Server (IBM Security Verify Privilege Vault Remote 1.2 ) could allow a local user to bypass security restrictions due to improper input validation. IBM X-Force ID: 184884.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.Microsoft CorporationIBM Corporation
Product-security_verify_privilege_vault_remote_on-premiseswindowsmacosSecurity Verify Privilege Vault Remote
CWE ID-CWE-20
Improper Input Validation
CVE-2020-3915
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.06% / 17.81%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-22 Oct, 2020 | 17:47
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 07:52
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Catalina 10.15.4. A malicious application may be able to overwrite arbitrary files.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xmacOS
CVE-2020-3857
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.23% / 45.06%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-27 Feb, 2020 | 20:45
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 07:44
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.3.1 and iPadOS 13.3.1, macOS Catalina 10.15.3, tvOS 13.3.1, watchOS 6.1.2. An application may be able to execute arbitrary code with system privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-iphone_oswatchostvosipadosmac_os_xtvOSmacOSwatchOSiOS
CWE ID-CWE-787
Out-of-bounds Write
CVE-2020-3898
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.16% / 37.19%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-22 Oct, 2020 | 17:48
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 07:52
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Catalina 10.15.4. An application may be able to gain elevated privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xmacOS
CWE ID-CWE-787
Out-of-bounds Write
CWE ID-CWE-20
Improper Input Validation
CVE-2020-3860
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Apple Inc.
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.13% / 32.67%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-27 Feb, 2020 | 20:45
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 07:44
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 13.3.1 and iPadOS 13.3.1, watchOS 6.1.2. An application may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Apple Inc.
Product-iphone_oswatchosipadoswatchOSiOS
CWE ID-CWE-787
Out-of-bounds Write
CWE ID-CWE-20
Improper Input Validation
CVE-2020-3974
Matching Score-8
Assigner-VMware by Broadcom
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Matching Score-8
Assigner-VMware by Broadcom
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.03% / 9.68%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-10 Jul, 2020 | 13:14
Updated-04 Aug, 2024 | 07:52
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

VMware Fusion (11.x before 11.5.5), VMware Remote Console for Mac (11.x and prior before 11.2.0 ) and Horizon Client for Mac (5.x and prior before 5.4.3) contain a privilege escalation vulnerability due to improper XPC Client validation. Successful exploitation of this issue may allow attackers with normal user privileges to escalate their privileges to root on the system where Fusion, VMware Remote Console for Mac or Horizon Client for Mac is installed.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-n/aApple Inc.VMware (Broadcom Inc.)
Product-remote_consolefusionmacoshorizon_clientVMware Fusion, VMware Remote Console for Mac and Horizon Client for Mac
CVE-2007-3749
Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
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Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.15% / 35.22%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-15 Nov, 2007 | 01:00
Updated-07 Aug, 2024 | 14:28
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

The kernel in Apple Mac OS X 10.4 through 10.4.10 does not reset the current Mach Thread Port or Thread Exception Port when executing a setuid program, which allows local users to execute arbitrary code by creating the port before launching the setuid program, then writing to the address space of the setuid process.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-n/aApple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xn/a
CWE ID-CWE-665
Improper Initialization
CVE-2007-4268
Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
ShareView Details
Matching Score-8
Assigner-MITRE Corporation
CVSS Score-7.8||HIGH
EPSS-0.75% / 72.68%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-15 Nov, 2007 | 01:00
Updated-07 Aug, 2024 | 14:46
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

Integer signedness error in the Networking component in Apple Mac OS X 10.4 through 10.4.10 allows local users to execute arbitrary code via a crafted AppleTalk message with a negative value, which satisfies a signed comparison during mbuf allocation but is later interpreted as an unsigned value, which triggers a heap-based buffer overflow.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-n/aApple Inc.
Product-mac_os_xn/a
CWE ID-CWE-681
Incorrect Conversion between Numeric Types
CVE-2023-44209
Matching Score-8
Assigner-Acronis International GmbH
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Matching Score-8
Assigner-Acronis International GmbH
CVSS Score-5.6||MEDIUM
EPSS-0.03% / 9.24%
||
7 Day CHG~0.00%
Published-04 Oct, 2023 | 19:44
Updated-19 Sep, 2024 | 15:31
Rejected-Not Available
Known To Be Used In Ransomware Campaigns?-Not Available
KEV Added-Not Available
KEV Action Due Date-Not Available

Local privilege escalation due to improper soft link handling. The following products are affected: Acronis Agent (Linux, macOS, Windows) before build 29051.

Action-Not Available
Vendor-Linux Kernel Organization, IncAcronis (Acronis International GmbH)Apple Inc.Microsoft Corporation
Product-windowsmacoslinux_kernelagentAcronis Agent
CWE ID-CWE-610
Externally Controlled Reference to a Resource in Another Sphere
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