joserfc is a Python library that provides an implementation of several JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) standards. In 1.6.2 and earlier, a resource exhaustion vulnerability in joserfc allows an unauthenticated attacker to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via CPU exhaustion. When the library decrypts a JSON Web Encryption (JWE) token using Password-Based Encryption (PBES2) algorithms, it reads the p2c (PBES2 Count) parameter directly from the token's protected header. This parameter defines the number of iterations for the PBKDF2 key derivation function. Because joserfc does not validate or bound this value, an attacker can specify an extremely large iteration count (e.g., 2^31 - 1), forcing the server to expend massive CPU resources processing a single token. This vulnerability exists at the JWA layer and impacts all high-level JWE and JWT decryption interfaces if PBES2 algorithms are allowed by the application's policy.

joserfc is a Python library that provides an implementation of several JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE) standards. In versions from 1.3.3 to before 1.3.5 and from 1.4.0 to before 1.4.2, the ExceededSizeError exception messages are embedded with non-decoded JWT token parts and may cause Python logging to record an arbitrarily large, forged JWT payload. In situations where a misconfigured — or entirely absent — production-grade web server sits in front of a Python web application, an attacker may be able to send arbitrarily large bearer tokens in the HTTP request headers. When this occurs, Python logging or diagnostic tools (e.g., Sentry) may end up processing extremely large log messages containing the full JWT header during the joserfc.jwt.decode() operation. The same behavior also appears when validating claims and signature payload sizes, as the library raises joserfc.errors.ExceededSizeError() with the full payload embedded in the exception message. Since the payload is already fully loaded into memory at this stage, the library cannot prevent or reject it. This issue has been patched in versions 1.3.5 and 1.4.2.

Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. Prior to version 1.6.5, Authlib’s JWE zip=DEF path performs unbounded DEFLATE decompression. A very small ciphertext can expand into tens or hundreds of megabytes on decrypt, allowing an attacker who can supply decryptable tokens to exhaust memory and CPU and cause denial of service. This issue has been patched in version 1.6.5. Workarounds for this issue involve rejecting or stripping zip=DEF for inbound JWEs at the application boundary, forking and add a bounded decompression guard via decompressobj().decompress(data, MAX_SIZE)) and returning an error when output exceeds a safe limit, or enforcing strict maximum token sizes and fail fast on oversized inputs; combine with rate limiting.

Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. Prior to version 1.6.5, Authlib’s JOSE implementation accepts unbounded JWS/JWT header and signature segments. A remote attacker can craft a token whose base64url‑encoded header or signature spans hundreds of megabytes. During verification, Authlib decodes and parses the full input before it is rejected, driving CPU and memory consumption to hostile levels and enabling denial of service. Version 1.6.5 patches the issue. Some temporary workarounds are available. Enforce input size limits before handing tokens to Authlib and/or use application-level throttling to reduce amplification risk.

Allocation of resources without limits or throttling vulnerability in Progress Software MOVEit Automation allows Flooding. This issue affects MOVEit Automation: before 2025.0.11, from 2025.1.0 before 2025.1.7.

Active Support is a toolkit of support libraries and Ruby core extensions extracted from the Rails framework. `NumberToDelimitedConverter` uses a lookahead-based regular expression with `gsub!` to insert thousands delimiters. Prior to versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1, the interaction between the repeated lookahead group and `gsub!` can produce quadratic time complexity on long digit strings. Versions 8.1.2.1, 8.0.4.1, and 7.2.3.1 contain a patch.

Vulnerability in the Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition product of Oracle Java SE (component: Swing). Supported versions that are affected are Java SE: 7u311, 8u301, 11.0.12, 17; Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition: 20.3.3 and 21.2.0. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via multiple protocols to compromise Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized ability to cause a partial denial of service (partial DOS) of Java SE, Oracle GraalVM Enterprise Edition. Note: This vulnerability applies to Java deployments, typically in clients running sandboxed Java Web Start applications or sandboxed Java applets, that load and run untrusted code (e.g., code that comes from the internet) and rely on the Java sandbox for security. This vulnerability can also be exploited by using APIs in the specified Component, e.g., through a web service which supplies data to the APIs. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 5.3 (Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L).

An issue in Hostbill v.2025-11-24 and 2025-12-01 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via the Checkout Authentication Flow component

Joomla! 1.03 does not restrict the number of "Search" Mambots, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (resource consumption) via a large number of Search Mambots.

A mail message containing excessive amount of RFC 2231 MIME parameters causes LMTP to use too much CPU. A suitably formatted mail message causes mail delivery process to consume large amounts of CPU time. Use MTA capabilities to limit RFC 2231 MIME parameters in mail messages, or upgrade to fixed version where the processing is limited. No publicly available exploits are known.

pypdf is a free and open-source pure-python PDF library. Prior to version 6.7.4, an attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing the content stream using the RunLengthDecode filter. This has been fixed in pypdf 6.7.4. As a workaround, consider applying the changes from PR #3664.

A vulnerability has been identified in SIPROTEC 5 6MD84 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 6MD85 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 6MD85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 6MD86 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 6MD86 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 6MD89 (CP300) (All versions < V9.64), SIPROTEC 5 6MU85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7KE85 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7KE85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.64), SIPROTEC 5 7SA82 (CP100) (All versions < V8.90), SIPROTEC 5 7SA82 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SA84 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SA86 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SA86 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SA87 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SA87 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SD82 (CP100) (All versions < V8.90), SIPROTEC 5 7SD82 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SD84 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SD86 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SD86 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SD87 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SD87 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ81 (CP100) (All versions < V8.89), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ81 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ82 (CP100) (All versions < V8.89), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ82 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ85 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ86 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SJ86 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SK82 (CP100) (All versions < V8.89), SIPROTEC 5 7SK82 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SK85 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SK85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SL82 (CP100) (All versions < V8.90), SIPROTEC 5 7SL82 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SL86 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SL86 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SL87 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SL87 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SS85 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7SS85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7ST85 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7ST85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.64), SIPROTEC 5 7ST86 (CP300) (All versions < V9.64), SIPROTEC 5 7SX82 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7SX85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7UM85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7UT82 (CP100) (All versions < V8.90), SIPROTEC 5 7UT82 (CP150) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7UT85 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7UT85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7UT86 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7UT86 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7UT87 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7UT87 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7VE85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7VK87 (CP200) (All versions), SIPROTEC 5 7VK87 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 7VU85 (CP300) (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 Communication Module ETH-BA-2EL (Rev.1) (All versions installed on CP200 devices), SIPROTEC 5 Communication Module ETH-BA-2EL (Rev.1) (All versions < V9.50 installed on CP150 and CP300 devices), SIPROTEC 5 Communication Module ETH-BA-2EL (Rev.1) (All versions < V8.89 installed on CP100 devices), SIPROTEC 5 Communication Module ETH-BB-2FO (Rev. 1) (All versions installed on CP200 devices), SIPROTEC 5 Communication Module ETH-BB-2FO (Rev. 1) (All versions < V9.50 installed on CP150 and CP300 devices), SIPROTEC 5 Communication Module ETH-BB-2FO (Rev. 1) (All versions < V8.89 installed on CP100 devices), SIPROTEC 5 Communication Module ETH-BD-2FO (All versions < V9.50), SIPROTEC 5 Compact 7SX800 (CP050) (All versions < V9.50). Affected devices do not properly restrict secure client-initiated renegotiations within the SSL and TLS protocols. This could allow an attacker to create a denial of service condition on the ports 443/tcp and 4443/tcp for the duration of the attack.

A TCP client can perform a TLS handshake and present the server name extension with a server name that is accepted by a server wildcard name, e.g. if the server is configured with a certificate accepting *.example.com, any XYZ.example.com where xyz is a valid name can be used.

ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. Prior to versions 7.1.2-15 and 6.9.13-40, Magick fails to check for multi-layer nested mvg conversions to svg, leading to DoS. Versions 7.1.2-15 and 6.9.13-40 contain a patch.

In Apache HTTP server versions 2.4.37 and prior, by sending request bodies in a slow loris way to plain resources, the h2 stream for that request unnecessarily occupied a server thread cleaning up that incoming data. This affects only HTTP/2 (mod_http2) connections.

A Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDOS) vulnerability was discovered in Color-String version 1.5.5 and below which occurs when the application is provided and checks a crafted invalid HWB string.

Synapse is a Matrix reference homeserver written in python (pypi package matrix-synapse). Matrix is an ecosystem for open federated Instant Messaging and VoIP. In Synapse before version 1.33.2 "Push rules" can specify conditions under which they will match, including `event_match`, which matches event content against a pattern including wildcards. Certain patterns can cause very poor performance in the matching engine, leading to a denial-of-service when processing moderate length events. The issue is patched in version 1.33.2. A potential workaround might be to prevent users from making custom push rules, by blocking such requests at a reverse-proxy.

Spring MVC and WebFlux applications are vulnerable to Denial of Service attacks when resolving static resources. More precisely, an application can be vulnerable when all the following are true: * the application is using Spring MVC or Spring WebFlux * the application is serving static resources from the file system * the application is running on a Windows platform When all the conditions above are met, the attacker can send malicious requests that are slow to resolve and that can keep HTTP connections in use. This can cause a Denial of Service on the application.

webtransport-go is an implementation of the WebTransport protocol. From 0.3.0 to 0.9.0, an attacker can cause excessive memory consumption in webtransport-go's session implementation by sending a WT_CLOSE_SESSION capsule containing an excessively large Application Error Message. The implementation does not enforce the draft-mandated limit of 1024 bytes on this field, allowing a peer to send an arbitrarily large message payload that is fully read and stored in memory. This allows an attacker to consume an arbitrary amount of memory. The attacker must transmit the full payload to achieve the memory consumption, but the lack of any upper bound makes large-scale attacks feasible given sufficient bandwidth. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.10.0.

Wazuh is a free and open source platform used for threat prevention, detection, and response. Starting in version 4.3.0 and prior to version 4.14.3, a Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability exists in the Wazuh API authentication middleware (`middlewares.py`). The application uses an asynchronous event loop (Starlette/Asyncio) to call a synchronous function (`generate_keypair`) that performs blocking disk I/O on every request containing a Bearer token. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this by flooding the API with requests containing invalid Bearer tokens. This forces the single-threaded event loop to pause for file read operations repeatedly, starving the application of CPU resources and potentially preventing it from accepting or processing legitimate connections. Version 4.14.3 fixes the issue.

Nextcloud Server is an open source personal cloud server. Prior to versions 23.0.10 and 24.0.5, calendar name lengths are not validated before writing to a database. As a result, an attacker can send unnecessary amounts of data against the database. Version 23.0.10 and 24.0.5 contain patches for the issue. No known workarounds are available.

Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. In versions prior to 4.9.7, a flaw in the `bodyLimit` middleware could allow bypassing the configured request body size limit when conflicting HTTP headers were present. The middleware previously prioritized the `Content-Length` header even when a `Transfer-Encoding: chunked` header was also included. According to the HTTP specification, `Content-Length` must be ignored in such cases. This discrepancy could allow oversized request bodies to bypass the configured limit. Most standards-compliant runtimes and reverse proxies may reject such malformed requests with `400 Bad Request`, so the practical impact depends on the runtime and deployment environment. If body size limits are used as a safeguard against large or malicious requests, this flaw could allow attackers to send oversized request bodies. The primary risk is denial of service (DoS) due to excessive memory or CPU consumption when handling very large requests. The implementation has been updated to align with the HTTP specification, ensuring that `Transfer-Encoding` takes precedence over `Content-Length`. The issue is fixed in Hono v4.9.7, and all users should upgrade immediately.

markdown-it is a Markdown parser. Versions 14.1.1 and below contain a denial-of-service vulnerability when typographer: true is enabled, due to quadratic (O(n^2)) processing in the smartquotes rule. The issue stems from repeatedly modifying strings with replaceAt(), which performs O(n) slicing and concatenation per quote character. This can cause excessive CPU consumption when parsing quote-heavy, user-supplied markdown and may let attackers degrade or disrupt service availability. Although typographer is disabled by default, many production apps enable it for smart typography, making the issue relevant. This issue has been fixed in version 14.2.0.

It was discovered that the is-my-json-valid JavaScript library used an inefficient regular expression to validate JSON fields defined to have email format. A specially crafted JSON file could cause it to consume an excessive amount of CPU time when validated.

webtransport-go is an implementation of the WebTransport protocol. Prior to v0.10.0, an attacker can cause a denial of service in webtransport-go by preventing or indefinitely delaying WebTransport session closure. A malicious peer can withhold QUIC flow control credit on the CONNECT stream, blocking transmission of the WT_CLOSE_SESSION capsule and causing the close operation to hang. This vulnerability is fixed in v0.10.0.

protobufjs compiles protobuf definitions into JavaScript (JS) functions. From 8.2.0 to 8.4.2, protobufjs preserved unknown wire elements in message.$unknowns and did not provide a decode-time option to discard unknown fields before retaining them. A crafted protobuf payload containing many unknown fields could therefore cause a decoded message to retain substantially more memory than the input size would suggest, even when unknown-field round-tripping is not needed. protobufjs 8.5.0 added the relevant decode-time options, allowing applications that decode untrusted protobuf data to disable unknown-field retention during decode. protobufjs 8.6.2 flips the default so unknown fields are discarded unless explicitly opted into.

A vulnerability was found in Braces versions 2.2.0 and above, prior to 2.3.1. Affected versions of this package are vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) attacks.

A vulnerability in the SSH service of Cisco IEC6400 Wireless Backhaul Edge Compute Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause the SSH service to stop responding. This vulnerability exists because the SSH service lacks effective flood protection. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by initiating a denial of service (DoS) attack against the SSH port. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause the SSH service to be unresponsive during the period of the DoS attack. All other operations remain stable during the attack.

An allocation of resources without limits or throttling [CWE-770] vulnerability in FortiOS versions 7.6.0, versions 7.4.4 through 7.4.0, 7.2 all versions, 7.0 all versions, 6.4 all versions may allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to prevent access to the GUI via specially crafted requests directed at specific endpoints.

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting versions from 18.9 before 18.9.1 that could have under certain conditions, allowed an unauthenticated user to cause denial of service by sending specially crafted requests to a CI jobs API endpoint.

An uncontrolled resource consumption issue when parsing URLs in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions prior to 15.3.5, 15.4 prior to 15.4.4, and 15.5 prior to 15.5.2 allows an attacker to cause performance issues and potentially a denial of service on the GitLab instance.

Hermes WebUI before version 0.51.270 contains a resource exhaustion vulnerability that allows unauthenticated remote attackers to degrade service availability by repeatedly calling the passkey options endpoint without completing assertion. Attackers can send unlimited POST requests to the authentication endpoint, causing unbounded growth of the challenge store file and excessive CPU and disk I/O through repeated JSON file rewrites.

In OpenStack Ironic 32 before 37.0.0, an unauthenticated malicious user could submit a crafted JSON string to some endpoints on the API or JSON-RPC service and effect a service crash.

A vulnerability was determined in birkir prime up to 0.4.0.beta.0. This affects an unknown function of the file /graphql of the component GraphQL Alias Handler. This manipulation causes resource consumption. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.

A flaw has been found in warmcat libwebsockets up to 4.5.8. This issue affects the function lws_ssh_parse_plaintext of the file plugins/protocol_lws_ssh_base/sshd.c of the component SSH Protocol Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument msg_len can lead to resource consumption. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. This patch is called 3f9f0c6ecaf0e6f3f219d30632c5d1f2479d7498. A patch should be applied to remediate this issue.

Unbounded memory allocation in the CRYPTO frame reassembler in s2n-quic before 1.8.2 may allow an unauthenticated remote actor to cause a denial of service (degraded availability) by sending crafted QUIC Initial packets. To remediate this issue, users should upgrade to v1.8.2.

A security vulnerability has been detected in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 2026.4.30. This vulnerability affects the function _handle_webhook_request of the file gateway/platforms/feishu.py of the component Webhook Endpoint. Such manipulation leads to resource consumption. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

An issue was discovered in OPC Foundation OPCFoundation/UA-.NETStandard through 1.5.374.78. A remote attacker can send requests with invalid credentials and cause the server performance to degrade gradually.

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 12.3 before 18.6.4, 18.7 before 18.7.2, and 18.8 before 18.8.2 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to create a denial of service condition by sending repeated malformed SSH authentication requests.

The vCenter Server contains a denial-of-service vulnerability in the content library service. A malicious actor with network access to port 443 on vCenter Server may exploit this issue to trigger a denial-of-service condition by sending a specially crafted header.

In CODESYS Gateway Server V2 an insufficient check for the activity of TCP client connections allows an unauthenticated attacker to consume all available TCP connections and prevent legitimate users or clients from establishing a new connection to the CODESYS Gateway Server V2. Existing connections are not affected and therefore remain intact.

Strawberry GraphQL is a library for creating GraphQL APIs. In versions 0.71.0 through 0.315.6, the QueryDepthLimiter extension is vulnerable to an Application-level DOS due to a lack of cycle detection in fragment spreads. When a query contains circular fragment references the determine_depth function enters an infinite recursion, leading to a RecursionError and crashing the validation process. Version 0.315.7 patches the issue.

A security flaw has been discovered in mixmark-io turndown up to 7.2.1. This affects an unknown function of the file src/commonmark-rules.js. Performing manipulation results in inefficient regular expression complexity. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be exploited.

ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. Prior to versions 6.9.13-47 and 7.1.2-22, because of a missing check in the MNG coder it would be possible to read more images than the list limit policy would allow resulting in excessive resource use. This issue has been patched in versions 6.9.13-47 and 7.1.2-22.

cpp-httplib is a C++11 single-file header-only cross platform HTTP/HTTPS library. Prior to 0.43.4, negative chunk-size in chunked Transfer-Encoding causes unbounded memory allocation and process crash. The ChunkedDecoder::read_payload function in cpp-httplib (httplib.h) parses the chunk-size field of HTTP chunked transfer encoding using std::strtoul(). Per the C standard (§7.22.1.4), strtoul silently accepts a leading minus sign, performing unsigned wrap-around: strtoul("-2", …, 16) returns ULONG_MAX − 1 (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE). The library's only guard (line 12833) rejects ULONG_MAX (the result of "-1"), but any other negative value such as "-2" passes validation. The resulting near-maximum value is stored in chunk_remaining and controls how many bytes the server's read loop consumes from the network. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.43.4.

fugit contains time tools for flor and the floraison group. The fugit "natural" parser, that turns "every wednesday at 5pm" into "0 17 * * 3", accepted any length of input and went on attempting to parse it, not returning promptly, as expected. The parse call could hold the thread with no end in sight. Fugit dependents that do not check (user) input length for plausibility are impacted. A fix was released in fugit 1.11.1.

Crafted zones can lead to increased resource usage and crafted CNAME chains can lead to cache poisoning in Recursor.

A flaw has been found in Open5GS up to 2.7.7. This impacts the function _gtpv1_u_recv_cb of the file src/upf/gtp-path.c of the component UPF. Executing a manipulation can lead to resource consumption. The attack may be performed from remote. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.

The Multipass service was found to have code paths that could be abused to cause a denial of service for authentication or authorization operations. A malicious attacker could perform an application-level denial of service attack, potentially causing authentication and/or authorization operations to fail for the duration of the attack. This could lead to performance degradation or login failures for customer Palantir Foundry environments. This vulnerability is resolved in Multipass 3.647.0. This issue affects: Palantir Foundry Multipass versions prior to 3.647.0.

Multiple unauthenticated Denial-of-Service (DoS) vulnerabilities exist in the AP Certificate Management daemon accessed via the PAPI protocol. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities results in the ability to interrupt the normal operation of the affected Access Point.