An improper input validation and protocol compliance vulnerability in free5GC v4.0.1 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service. The UPF incorrectly accepts a malformed PFCP Association Setup Request, violating 3GPP TS 29.244. This places the UPF in an inconsistent state where a subsequent valid PFCP Session Establishment Request triggers a cascading failure, disrupting the SMF connection and causing service degradation.

When connecting to the Solax Cloud MQTT server the username is the "registration number", which is the 10 character string printed on the SolaX Power Pocket device / the QR code on the device. The password is derived from the "registration number" using a proprietary XOR/transposition algorithm. Attackers with the knowledge of the registration numbers can connect to the MQTT server and impersonate the dongle / inverters.

### Summary The `arrayLimit` option in qs does not enforce limits for comma-separated values when `comma: true` is enabled, allowing attackers to cause denial-of-service via memory exhaustion. This is a bypass of the array limit enforcement, similar to the bracket notation bypass addressed in GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p (CVE-2025-15284). ### Details When the `comma` option is set to `true` (not the default, but configurable in applications), qs allows parsing comma-separated strings as arrays (e.g., `?param=a,b,c` becomes `['a', 'b', 'c']`). However, the limit check for `arrayLimit` (default: 20) and the optional throwOnLimitExceeded occur after the comma-handling logic in `parseArrayValue`, enabling a bypass. This permits creation of arbitrarily large arrays from a single parameter, leading to excessive memory allocation. **Vulnerable code** (lib/parse.js: lines ~40-50): ```js if (val && typeof val === 'string' && options.comma && val.indexOf(',') > -1) {     return val.split(','); } if (options.throwOnLimitExceeded && currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) {     throw new RangeError('Array limit exceeded. Only ' + options.arrayLimit + ' element' + (options.arrayLimit === 1 ? '' : 's') + ' allowed in an array.'); } return val; ``` The `split(',')` returns the array immediately, skipping the subsequent limit check. Downstream merging via `utils.combine` does not prevent allocation, even if it marks overflows for sparse arrays.This discrepancy allows attackers to send a single parameter with millions of commas (e.g., `?param=,,,,,,,,...`), allocating massive arrays in memory without triggering limits. It bypasses the intent of `arrayLimit`, which is enforced correctly for indexed (`a[0]=`) and bracket (`a[]=`) notations (the latter fixed in v6.14.1 per GHSA-6rw7-vpxm-498p). ### PoC **Test 1 - Basic bypass:** ``` npm install qs ``` ```js const qs = require('qs'); const payload = 'a=' + ','.repeat(25); // 26 elements after split (bypasses arrayLimit: 5) const options = { comma: true, arrayLimit: 5, throwOnLimitExceeded: true }; try {   const result = qs.parse(payload, options);   console.log(result.a.length); // Outputs: 26 (bypass successful) } catch (e) {   console.log('Limit enforced:', e.message); // Not thrown } ``` **Configuration:** - `comma: true` - `arrayLimit: 5` - `throwOnLimitExceeded: true` Expected: Throws "Array limit exceeded" error. Actual: Parses successfully, creating an array of length 26. ### Impact Denial of Service (DoS) via memory exhaustion.

An issue existed in the handling of environment variables. This issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in watchOS 26.3, macOS Tahoe 26.3, macOS Sonoma 14.8.4, visionOS 26.3, iOS 26.3 and iPadOS 26.3. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.

An authorized user may disable the MongoDB server by issuing a query against a collection that contains an invalid compound wildcard index.

Improper input validation in Power BI allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network.

Improper input validation in Windows Hyper-V allows an authorized attacker to execute code locally.

Improper input validation in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information locally.

Improper input validation for some Server Firmware Update Utility(SysFwUpdt) before version 16.0.12 within Ring 3: User Applications may allow an escalation of privilege. System software adversary with a privileged user combined with a low complexity attack may enable escalation of privilege. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (high), integrity (high) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.

Improper input validation for some Server Firmware Update Utility(SysFwUpdt) before version 16.0.12 within Ring 3: User Applications may allow an escalation of privilege. System software adversary with a privileged user combined with a high complexity attack may enable local code execution. This result may potentially occur via local access when attack requirements are present without special internal knowledge and requires no user interaction. The potential vulnerability may impact the confidentiality (high), integrity (high) and availability (high) of the vulnerable system, resulting in subsequent system confidentiality (none), integrity (none) and availability (none) impacts.

Adminer is open-source database management software. Adminer v5.4.1 and earlier has a version check mechanism where adminer.org sends signed version info via JavaScript postMessage, which the browser then POSTs to ?script=version. This endpoint lacks origin validation and accepts POST data from any source. An attacker can POST version[] parameter which PHP converts to an array. On next page load, openssl_verify() receives this array instead of string and throws TypeError, returning HTTP 500 to all users. Upgrade to Adminer 5.4.2.

Litestar is an Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface (ASGI) framework. Prior to 2.20.0, FileStore maps cache keys to filenames using Unicode NFKD normalization and ord() substitution without separators, creating key collisions. When FileStore is used as response-cache backend, an unauthenticated remote attacker can trigger cache key collisions via crafted paths, causing one URL to serve cached responses of another (cache poisoning/mixup). This vulnerability is fixed in 2.20.0.

A security vulnerability has been detected in yuan1994 tpadmin up to 1.3.12. This affects an unknown part in the library /public/static/admin/lib/webuploader/0.1.5/server/preview.php of the component WebUploader. The manipulation leads to deserialization. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.

n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to 1.121.0, there is a vulnerability in the HTTP Request node's credential domain validation allowed an authenticated attacker to send requests with credentials to unintended domains, potentially leading to credential exfiltration. This only might affect user who have credentials that use wildcard domain patterns (e.g., *.example.com) in the "Allowed domains" setting. This issue is fixed in version 1.121.0 and later.

Claude Code is an agentic coding tool. Prior to version 2.0.55, Claude Code failed to properly validate commands using piped sed operations with the echo command, allowing attackers to bypass file write restrictions. This vulnerability enabled writing to sensitive directories like the .claude folder and paths outside the project scope. Exploiting this required the ability to execute commands through Claude Code with the "accept edits" feature enabled. This issue has been patched in version 2.0.55.

Claude Code is an agentic coding tool. Prior to version 2.0.57, Claude Code failed to properly validate directory changes when combined with write operations to protected folders. By using the cd command to navigate into sensitive directories like .claude, it was possible to bypass write protection and create or modify files without user confirmation. Reliably exploiting this required the ability to add untrusted content into a Claude Code context window. This issue has been patched in version 2.0.57.

A security issue was discovered in ingress-nginx where the `nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-proxy-set-headers` Ingress annotation can be used to inject configuration into nginx. This can lead to arbitrary code execution in the context of the ingress-nginx controller, and disclosure of Secrets accessible to the controller. (Note that in the default installation, the controller can access all Secrets cluster-wide.)

A truncated 802.15.4 packet can lead to an assert, resulting in a denial of service.

cert-manager adds certificates and certificate issuers as resource types in Kubernetes clusters, and simplifies the process of obtaining, renewing and using those certificates. In versions from 1.18.0 to before 1.18.5 and from 1.19.0 to before 1.19.3, the cert-manager-controller performs DNS lookups during ACME DNS-01 processing (for zone discovery and propagation self-checks). By default, these lookups use standard unencrypted DNS. An attacker who can intercept and modify DNS traffic from the cert-manager-controller pod can insert a crafted entry into cert-manager's DNS cache. Accessing this entry will trigger a panic, resulting in denial‑of‑service (DoS) of the cert-manager controller. The issue can also be exploited if the authoritative DNS server for the domain being validated is controlled by a malicious actor. This issue has been patched in versions 1.18.5 and 1.19.3.

FacturaScripts is open-source enterprise resource planning and accounting software. Prior to version 2025.81, FacturaScripts contains a critical SQL injection vulnerability in the REST API that allows authenticated API users to execute arbitrary SQL queries through the sort parameter. The vulnerability exists in the ModelClass::getOrderBy() method where user-supplied sorting parameters are directly concatenated into the SQL ORDER BY clause without validation or sanitization. This affects all API endpoints that support sorting functionality. This issue has been patched in version 2025.81.

FacturaScripts is open-source enterprise resource planning and accounting software. Prior to version 2025.81, FacturaScripts contains a critical SQL injection vulnerability in the autocomplete functionality that allows authenticated attackers to extract sensitive data from the database including user credentials, configuration settings, and all stored business data. The vulnerability exists in the CodeModel::all() method where user-supplied parameters are directly concatenated into SQL queries without sanitization or parameterized binding. This issue has been patched in version 2025.81.

n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. From version 0.187.0 to before 1.120.3, a command injection vulnerability was identified in n8n’s community package installation functionality. The issue allowed authenticated users with administrative permissions to execute arbitrary system commands on the n8n host under specific conditions. This issue has been patched in version 1.120.3.

A security issue was discovered in ingress-nginx cthe `rules.http.paths.path` Ingress field can be used to inject configuration into nginx. This can lead to arbitrary code execution in the context of the ingress-nginx controller, and disclosure of Secrets accessible to the controller. (Note that in the default installation, the controller can access all Secrets cluster-wide.)

A security issue was discovered in ingress-nginx where the `nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-method` Ingress annotation can be used to inject configuration into nginx. This can lead to arbitrary code execution in the context of the ingress-nginx controller, and disclosure of Secrets accessible to the controller. (Note that in the default installation, the controller can access all Secrets cluster-wide.)

iccDEV provides a set of libraries and tools that allow for the interaction, manipulation, and application of ICC color management profiles. Prior to version 2.3.1.2, type confusion allowed malformed ICC profiles to trigger undefined behavior when loading invalid icImageEncodingType values causing denial of service. This issue has been patched in version 2.3.1.2.

A lack of proper input validation in the HTTP processing path in TP-Link Archer BE230 v1.2 (web modules) may allow a crafted request to cause the device’s web service to become unresponsive, resulting in a denial of service condition. A network adjacent attacker with high privileges could cause the device’s web interface to temporarily stop responding until it recovers or is rebooted. This issue affects Archer BE230 v1.2 < 1.2.4 Build 20251218 rel.70420.

When a specific function is enabled while joining a AD Domain from ADM, an improper input parameters validation vulnerability in a specific CGI program allowing an unauthenticated remote attacker to write arbitrary data to any file on the system. By exploiting this vulnerability, attackers can overwrite critical system files, leading to a complete system compromise. Affected products and versions include: from ADM 4.1.0 through ADM 4.3.3.ROF1 as well as from ADM 5.0.0 through ADM 5.1.1.RCI1.

A vulnerability has been found in bolo-solo up to 2.6.4. This impacts the function importMarkdownsSync of the file src/main/java/org/b3log/solo/bolo/prop/BackupService.java of the component SnakeYAML. Such manipulation leads to deserialization. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.

fast-xml-parser allows users to validate XML, parse XML to JS object, or build XML from JS object without C/C++ based libraries and no callback. In versions 5.0.9 through 5.3.3, a RangeError vulnerability exists in the numeric entity processing of fast-xml-parser when parsing XML with out-of-range entity code points (e.g., `&#9999999;` or `&#xFFFFFF;`). This causes the parser to throw an uncaught exception, crashing any application that processes untrusted XML input. Version 5.3.4 fixes the issue.

A flaw was found in Undertow. Servlets using a method that calls HttpServletRequestImpl.getParameterNames() can cause an OutOfMemoryError when the client sends a request with large parameter names. This issue can be exploited by an unauthorized user to cause a remote denial-of-service (DoS) attack.

PolarLearn is a free and open-source learning program. Prior to version 0-PRERELEASE-15, the vote API route (`POST /api/v1/forum/vote`) trusts the JSON body’s `direction` value without runtime validation. TypeScript types are not enforced at runtime, so an attacker can send arbitrary strings (e.g., `"x"`) as `direction`. Downstream (`VoteServer`) treats any non-`"up"` and non-`null` value as a downvote and persists the invalid value in `votes_data`. This can be exploited to bypass intended business logic. Version 0-PRERELEASE-15 fixes the vulnerability.

pwn.college DOJO is an education platform for learning cybersecurity. Prior to commit e33da14449a5abcff507e554f66e2141d6683b0a, missing sandboxing on `/workspace/*` routes allows challenge authors to inject arbitrary javascript which runs on the same origin as `http[:]//dojo[.]website`. This is a sandbox escape leading to arbitrary javascript execution as the dojo's origin. A challenge author can craft a page that executes any dangerous actions that the user could. Version e33da14449a5abcff507e554f66e2141d6683b0a patches the issue.

The backup restore function does not properly validate unexpected or unrecognized tags within the backup file. When such a crafted file is restored, the injected tag is interpreted by a shell, allowing execution of arbitrary commands with root privileges. Successful exploitation allows the attacker to gain root-level command execution, compromising confidentiality, integrity and availability.

A missing validation of a user-controlled value in the TeamViewer DEX Client (former 1E Client) - Content Distribution Service (NomadBranch.exe) prior version 26.1 for Windows allows an adjacent network attacker to tamper with log timestamps via crafted UDP Sync command. This could result in forged or nonsensical datetime prefixes and compromising log integrity and forensic correlation.

A vulnerability in TeamViewer DEX Client (former 1E Client) - Content Distribution Service (NomadBranch.exe) prior version 26.1 for Windows allows an attacker on the adjacent network to inject, tamper with, or forge log entries in \Nomad Branch.log via crafted data sent to the UDP network handler. This can impact log integrity and nonrepudiation.

A command injection vulnerability was discovered in TeamViewer DEX (former 1E DEX), specifically within the 1E-Nomad-RunPkgStatusRequest instruction. Improper input validation allows authenticated attackers with actioner privilege to run elevated arbitrary commands on connected hosts via malicious commands injected into the instruction’s input field. Users of 1E Client version 24.5 or higher are not affected.

An input validation vulnerability in the flow.scatter/flow.scatter_add component of OneFlow v0.9.0 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted indices.

An input validation vulnerability in the flow.Tensor.new_empty/flow.Tensor.new_ones/flow.Tensor.new_zeros component of OneFlow v0.9.0 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted input.

iccDEV provides a set of libraries and tools that allow for the interaction, manipulation, and application of ICC color management profiles. Versions prior to 2.3.1.2 have an undefined behavior issue when floating-point NaN values are converted to unsigned short integer types during ICC profile XML parsing potentially corrupting memory structures and enabling arbitrary code execution. This vulnerability affects users of the iccDEV library who process ICC color profiles. ICC Profile Injection vulnerabilities arise when user-controllable input is incorporated into ICC profile data or other structured binary blobs in an unsafe manner. Version 2.3.1.2 contains a fix for the issue. No known workarounds are available.

Sync Breeze Enterprise Server v10.4.18 and Disk Pulse Enterprise v10.4.18 contain a remote denial-of-service (DoS) vulnerability in the configuration restore functionality. The issue is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied data during this process. An attacker could send malicious requests to alter the configuration file, causing the application to become unresponsive. In a successful scenario, the service may not recover on its own and require a complete reinstallation, as the configuration becomes corrupted and prevents the service from restarting, even manually.

An input validation vulnerability in the flow.arange() component of OneFlow v0.9.0 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted input.

An input validation vulnerability in the oneflow.index_add component of OneFlow v0.9.0 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted input.

A floating-point exception (FPE) in the flow.column_stack component of OneFlow v0.9.0 allows attackers to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via a crafted input.

By sending crafted files to the firmware update endpoint of Tapo C220 v1 and C520WS v2, the device terminates core system services before verifying authentication or firmware integrity. An unauthenticated attacker can trigger a persistent denial of service, requiring a manual reboot or application initiated restart to restore normal device operation.

The HTTP parser of Tapo C220 v1 and C520WS v2 cameras improperly handles requests containing an excessively long URL path. An invalid‑URL error path continues into cleanup code that assumes allocated buffers exist, leading to a crash and service restart. An unauthenticated attacker can force repeated service crashes or device reboots, causing denial of service.

Multiple cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in Admin UI of EZCast Pro II version 1.17478.146 allow attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript code in the browser of other Admin UI users.

Improper input validation in Admin UI of EZCast Pro II version 1.17478.146 allows attackers to manipulate files in the /tmp directory

Cross-Site Request Forgery in Admin UI of EZCast Pro II version 1.17478.146 allows attackers to bypass authorization checks and gain full access to the admin UI

Vulnerability in root-project root (builtins/zlib modules). This vulnerability is associated with program files inffast.C. This issue affects root.

The kernel driver of CPUID CPU-Z v2.17 and earlier does not validate user-supplied values passed via its IOCTL interface, allowing an attacker to access sensitive information via a crafted request.